Notes in 01 Tumor Immunology, Immune Tolerance and Transplantation

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Published	01/23/2024	Glucocorticoids are useful for {{c1::immunosuppressive}} therapy (e.g. transplant rejection prevention, treatment of autoimmune disorders)
Published	01/23/2024	Cytotoxic T cells may induce apoptosis of target cells via release of {{c1::perforins}} and {{c1::granzymes}}, which leads to activation of caspases
Published	01/23/2024	What type of hypersensitivity reaction is hyperacute transplant rejection? {{c1::Type II HSR (inflammation)}}
Published	01/23/2024	Which type of transplant rejection occurs within minutes? {{c1::Hyperacute}}
Published	01/23/2024	Which type of transplant rejection is due to pre-existing recipient antibodies to donor antigen? {{c1::Hyperacute}}
Published	01/23/2024	Which type of transplant rejection presents with widespread thrombosis of graft vessels, causing ischemia/necrosis? {{c1::Hyperacute}}
Published	01/23/2024	Which type of transplant rejection occurs within weeks to months? {{c1::Acute}}
Published	01/23/2024	Which type of transplant rejection occurs within months to years? {{c1::Chronic}}
Published	01/23/2024	Which type of transplant rejection presents with vasculitis of graft vessels with dense interstitial monocytic / lymphocytic infiltrate? {{c1::Acute}}
Published	01/23/2024	{{c2::Acute}} transplant rejection can be prevented/reversed with {{c1::immunosuppressants}}
Published	01/23/2024	Which type of transplant rejection presents with vascular smooth muscle proliferation, parenchymal atrophy, and interstitial fibrosis? {{c1::Chronic}}
Published	01/23/2024	{{c1::Chronic}} transplant rejection is dominated by {{c2::arteriosclerosis}}
Published	01/23/2024	Which calcineurin inhibitor binds to cyclophilin? {{c1::Cyclosporine}}
Published	01/23/2024	Which calcineurin inhibitor binds to FK506 binding protein (FKBP)? {{c1::Tacrolimus (FK506)}}
Published	01/23/2024	{{c1::Sirolimus (rapamycin)}} is an mTOR inhibitor that binds {{c2::FKBP}}
Published	01/23/2024	Sirolimus (rapamycin) is an immunosuppressant that blocks {{c2::T}} cell activation via blocking a step in the {{c1::IL-2 receptor}} signaling pathway
Published	01/23/2024	Azathioprine is an immunosuppressant antimetabolite precursor of {{c1::6-mercaptopurine}}, which inhibits the enzyme {{c2::PRPP amidotransferase}…
Published	01/23/2024	What enzyme is blocked by the immunosuppressant mycophenolate mofetil?{{c1::IMP dehydrogenase}}
Published	01/23/2024	Tumor cells can evade apoptosis / immune surveillance by downregulating expression of {{c1::MHC class I}} or alternative splicing of the {{c2::Fas}} r…
Published	01/23/2024	Immunosuppressants are frequently used for suppression of {{c1::cellular}} immunity to help prevent acute {{c2::transplant rejection}}
Published	01/23/2024	The major toxicities/side effects associated with azathioprine are dose-related {{c2::diarrhea::GI}}, {{c1::hepato::organ}}-toxicity, and leukopenia
Published	01/23/2024	Which antiviral is used during solid-organ and bone marrow transplant?{{c1::Ganciclovir or Valganciclovir}}
Published	01/23/2024	Tumor cells evade CD{{c1::8+}} T-cell immune surveillance by down-regulating MHC {{c1::I}} expression
Published	01/23/2024	Methotrexate has a(n) {{c1::immunosuppressive}} effect, hence why it is useful in the treatment of IBD, vasculitis, SLE, dermatomyositis, etc.
Published	01/23/2024	Which chemotherapeutic drug is the most widely-used treatment of a organ/graft rejection?{{c1::Azathioprine/6-MP}}
Published	01/23/2024	Which enzyme is inhibited by azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine?{{c1::PRPP amidotransferase}}
Published	01/23/2024	Mycophenolate mofetil will increase cellular levels of {{c1::IMP}}
Published	01/23/2024	What are common side-effects of mycophenolate mofetil use?{{c1::GI upset (nausea, diarrhea, cramping)}}
Published	01/23/2024	Alemtuzumab is an antitumor monoclonal antibody that targets {{c1::CD52}} of lymphocytes
Published	01/23/2024	Ribavirin is used to treat {{c1::RSV}} in adults
Published	01/23/2024	Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir are used to treat CMV, especially in {{c1::immunocompromised}} patients
Published	01/23/2024	Tumor cells that downregulate MHC class I can be detected and destroyed by {{c1::Natural Killer}} cells
Published	01/23/2024	{{c1::Autologous}} transfers are from one {{c2::body part}} to another, while {{c1::allogeneic}} transfers are from one {{c2::person}} to another
Published	01/23/2024	Human embryonic stem cells are {{c1::allogeneic::autologous/allogeneic}}
Published	01/23/2024	ABO blood type is primarily recognized by {{c1::B}} lymphocytes
Published	01/23/2024	The most common example of natural antibodies is {{c1::ABO blood group}}
Published	01/23/2024	Acquired antibodies can develop after exposure through {{c1::transfusion}}, {{c2::pregnancy}}, or {{c3::prior transplant}}
Published	01/23/2024	{{c1::Hyperacute::time course}} transplant rejection is very rare nowadays
Published	01/23/2024	{{c1::Chronic::time course}} transplant rejection is basically inevitable
Published	01/23/2024	To prevent hyperacute transplant rejection, they test to see if the {{c1::recipient}} has antibodies against the HLA of the {{c1::donor}}
Published	01/23/2024	T cell activation inhibitors like cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and sirolimus are more effective at blocking {{c1::primary}} responses than they are …
Published	01/23/2024	T cell activation inhibitors like cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and sirolimus can be used to {{c1::prevent}} transplant rejection but not to {{c…
Published	01/23/2024	T cell activation inhibitors like cyclosporine, tacrolimus, and sirolimus have a {{c1::low}} therapeutic index
Published	01/23/2024	{{c2::Chronic}} graft-versus-host disease presents similar to scleroderma due to widespread {{c1::fibrosis}}
Published	01/23/2024	Graft-versus-host disease occurs when the host is immuno-{{c1::compromised}}
Published	01/23/2024	Graft-versus-host disease does not occur when the host is immuno-{{c1::competent}}
Published	01/23/2024	Graft-versus-host disease can occur with any hematopoietic stem cell transplant, including {{c1::bone marrow transplant}}, {{c2::blood trans…
Published	01/23/2024	After transplant, immunosuppressive drugs are used in combination in order to {{c1::reduce side effects}}
Published	01/23/2024	Immuno-suppression must be continued lifelong for {{c1::solid organ}} transplant recipients
Published	01/23/2024	Immuno-suppression can be discontinued after 6-9 months for {{c1::hematopoietic stem cell}} transplant recipients
Published	01/23/2024	Transplant recipients can have opportunistic infection due to reactivation of {{c1::latent}} viruses, such as HSV, CMV, or shingles
Published	01/23/2024	Transplant recipients can have opportunistic infection by {{c1::encapsulated}} bacteria
Published	01/23/2024	To minimize risk of opportunistic infections in transplant recipients, you can give {{c1::prophylaxis}} like acyclovir for HSV, or trimethoprim a…
Published	01/23/2024	To minimize risk of opportunistic infections in transplant recipients, you can regularly {{c1::monitor}} for viruses like CMV
Published	01/23/2024	To minimize risk of opportunistic infections in transplant recipients, you can {{c1::minimize::maximize/minimize}} the amount of immunosuppressio…
Published	01/23/2024	{{c1::Acute}} graft-versus-host disease presents with maculopapular rash, jaundice, diarrhea, and fever
Published	01/23/2024	Tumor-{{c1::specific}} antigens are unique to each tumor and are comprised of mutant peptides
Published	01/23/2024	Tumor-{{c1::associated}} antigens are shared among a group of similar tumors
Published	01/23/2024	Tumor-specific antigens are often {{c1::passenger::driver/passenger}} mutations and are {{c2::poor}} candidates for immune targeting
Published	01/23/2024	Tumor-associated antigens are often driver mutations and are {{c2::good}} candidates for immune targeting
Published	01/23/2024	The main way that tumors evade immune surveillance is when the body naturally promotes an {{c1::immunosuppressive}} microenvironment after c…
Published	01/23/2024	The main way that tumors evade immune surveillance is when the body naturally promotes an immunosuppressive microenvironment after…
Published	01/23/2024	A minor way that tumors evade immune surveillance is by walling themselves off, essentially giving themselves {{c1::immune privilege}}
Published	01/23/2024	A minor way that tumors evade immune surveillance is by secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines like {{c1::TGF-β}} and {{c1::IL-10}}
Published	01/23/2024	Future anti-cancer drugs could stimulate the innate PRRs that detect {{c1::nucleic acids}} in the cytosol, because they turn on {{c2::interf…
Published	01/23/2024	Hyperacute transplant rejection is treated with {{c1::removal of the transplant}}
Published	01/23/2024	Acute transplant rejection is dominated by {{c1::vasculitis::vascular change}}
Published	01/23/2024	Alemtuzumab is most likely to induce deficiency of {{c1::lymphocytes}}
Published	01/23/2024	Will allogeneic stem cell transplant induce graft-versus-tumor effect?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	01/23/2024	Which is more common in hematopoietic stem cell transplant, rejection or graft-versus-host disease?{{c1::Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)}}
Published	01/23/2024	The 1st line treatment for graft-versus-host disease is {{c1::steroids}}; second-line therapy is {{c2::ruxolitinib}}
Published	01/23/2024	The critical myeloid cell type that mediates immune dysfunction in the tumor microenvironment is the {{c1::Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell (MDSC)…
Published	01/23/2024	Tumors escape immune surveillance through recruitment of {{c1::MDSC}}
Published	01/23/2024	Anti graft rejection is mediated primarily by {{c1::CD8 cells}}
Published	01/23/2024	Direct allorecognition is where {{c1::donor APCs}} stimulate alloreactive T cells
Published	01/23/2024	Indirect allorecognition is where {{c1::host APCs}} phagocytize {{c2::donor antigens}} and present them to stimulate host T cells
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