Notes in 02 Placenta, Fetal Membranes, & Hormones

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	[VR]1. hCG2. M fetal testosterone production{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Decidual natural killer (dNK)}} cells - Responsible for the invasion of the trophoblast into the decidua will promote the {{c1::hemocoel}} …
Published	07/30/2024	dNK cells express both {{c1::IL-8}} and {{c1::interferon-inducibleprotein-10}}
Published	07/30/2024	ꞵ-HCG in the early part of the pregnancy. Rises around {{c1::60 to 100}} days and then it plateaushPL is expected to increase at about {{c2::24}} week…
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Published	07/30/2024	hCG would have a peak concentration at {{c1::9-10}} weeks AOG
Published	07/30/2024	hPL Present within {{c1::5-10 days}} after conception and rises till {{c1::34-36}} weeks AOG. Proportional to {{c2::placental mass}}
Published	07/30/2024	hCG {{c1::Beta}} subunit is the basis for pregnancy kit
Published	07/30/2024	If the patient’s baseline FBS is normal (<{{c1::92}}) at the time of consultation, repeat testing of HPL is needed during the {{c1::24th}} week (ti…
Published	07/30/2024	hCG is produced by... Before 5 weeks: {{c1::syncytiotrophoblast & cytotrophoblast}}1st trimester: {{c1::syncytiotrophoblast}}bonus: where else?
Published	07/30/2024	hCG {{c1::Alpha}} subunit cross reacts with TSH, FSH, and LH
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::2}}x rise in hCG levels after two consecutive measurements will confirm that the pregnancy is progressing
Published	07/30/2024	If you were to make use of the B-hCG as a way of monitoringwhether the patient is pregnant or not, as soon as the patientmisses a {{c1::10}}-day from …
Published	07/30/2024	hCG rescues and maintains corpus luteum by the hCG of thedecidua and trophoblastic cell until about {{c1::8 weeks}} or until the placenta takes over
Published	07/30/2024	If you see ↑ hCG, think of{{c1::Multiple Pregnancies}}{{c1::Fetal Hydrops}}{{c1::H-mole}}{{c1::Choriocarcinoma}}{{c1::↑}} Placenta size and Trophoblas…
Published	07/30/2024	If you see ↓ hCG, think of{{c1::Ectopic Pregnancy}}{{c1::Early pregnancy failure}}
Published	07/30/2024	Choriocarcinoma is a malignancy may be found in women carrying a fetus with {{c1::Down Syndrome}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Human Placental Lactogen (hPL) or Human Chorionic Somatotropin or Chorionic Growth Hormone}} is produced by the {{c2::syncytiotrophoblast}} and …
Published	07/30/2024	hPL Synthesis is stimulated by {{c1::insulin}}. Thus, HPL is responsible for the FBS of the patient to rise and is thebasis for diagnosing {{c1::Gesta…
Published	07/30/2024	hPL Synthesis is inhibited by {{c1::Prostaglandin E2 & Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGE2 & PGF2 alpha)::2 prostaglandins}}
Published	07/30/2024	hPL Metabolic Effects: ↑ {{c1::FFA (lipolysis), Insulin resistance, CHONs, Angiogenesis::4}}
Published	07/30/2024	Post-term births will often have white {{c1::fibrin}} deposits on the placenta
Published	07/30/2024	Completeness of the cotyledons of the placenta after birth must be checked because these may cause a {{c1::tissue-type of postpartum hemorrhage.}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hydatidiform Mole aka {{c1::Gestational Trophoblastic Disease}}2 Types:{{c1::Complete}}: no fetus {{c1::Partial}}: may have a fetus
Published	07/30/2024	Hydatidiform MoleGross: {{c1::grape like tapioca structures}}Ultrasound: {{c1::Snowstorm pattern}}
Published	07/30/2024	Unless you get the histopathology report that this is ahydatidiform mole, it is labeled as {{c1::GTD}} at the onset.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Hydatidiform Mole}} - A condition that results in {{c1::villous hydrops}} (trophoblastichyperplasia without embryonic development).
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mesenchyme}} → Body Stalk → {{c1::Chorion}} → Umbilical Cord
Published	07/30/2024	Umbilical Cord {{c1::2}} arteries {{c1::1}} vein
Published	07/30/2024	[QC]1. Umbilical Cord Artery Length2. UCV Length{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	If the umbilical cord is {{c1::shorter}} than the average length, this is prone to early placental detachment (one of the reasons why placental abrupt…
Published	07/30/2024	If the umbilical cord is {{c1::longer}}, the fetuses are prone to cord entanglement later on, or can form nuchal cords.
Published	07/30/2024	[T/F] All nuchal cords are dangerous. {{c1::F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal Values: Umbilical Cord Length{{c1::40-70}} cm
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Umbilical Cord Pseudoknot}} - Form from focal redundancy & folding of umbilical cord vessel. No complications expected
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::True knot}} - Abnormally long umbilical cords which develop from increased form of fetal movements. Associated with {{c2::hydramnios}} &amp…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Umbilical Cord Torsion}} - Marked spiraling of the umbilical cord like a corkscrew
Published	07/30/2024	Nuchal Cord Coil - One or more loops of cord are wrapped around baby’s neck. Reflected in fetal monitor which manifests {{c1::deceleration::abnor…
Published	07/30/2024	88f8a1edda8f4814adc7ba99f5aa4d2d-ao-3
Published	07/30/2024	Fertilization occurs at the {{c1::ampullary portion::part of fallopian tube}} of the fallopian tube
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::zygote}} is a diploid cell with {{c1::46::number}} chromosomes formed by the fusion of 2 haploid gametes (sperm and egg).
Published	07/30/2024	After the formation of the zygote, cleavage (division) occurs which makes the zygote undergo different cell stages (2 cell > 4 cell > 8 cell etc…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::morula}} is formed at the {{c2::16::number}}-cell stage and is formed {{c1::3}} days after fertilization when it gains entran…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::blastocyst}} is the {{c2::58::number}}-cell stage formed at around {{c1::4-5::number of days}} after fertilization.
Published	07/30/2024	The blastocyst, differentiates into the {{c1::inner cell mass}} with 5 embryo-producing cells and the {{c1::outer cell mass or trophectoderm…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Decidua}} - highly modified endometrium of pregnancy formed via stimulation of E2 and progesterone. This stimulation is provided by {{c2::implan…
Published	07/30/2024	Types of decidua include:1. Decidua {{c1::basalis}} - contributes to the placental basal plate AKA Decidua {{c2::placentalis}}2. Decidua {{c1::capsula…
Published	07/30/2024	The decidua vera will only be seen starting the {{c1::16th week::time}} of pregnancy
Published	07/30/2024	1: {{c1::Decidua parietalis}}2: {{c1::Decidua capsuilaris}}3. {{c1::Decidua basalis or decidua placentalis}}4. {{c1::Uterine cavity}}5.…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::villi of chorion frondosum}} are vascular and they line the decidua capsularis but will flatten as the baby developsThe {{c1::chor…
Published	07/30/2024	The amnion is a membrane that contains amniotic fluid and produces {{c1::endothelin 1 and parathyroid hormone-related protein::2 hormones}}
Published	07/30/2024	Phases of blastocyst implantation{{c1::AppositionAdhesionInvasion::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	Uterine receptivity or window of implantation is limited to days 20-24 of the cycle. Past day 24, the potential to adhere is diminished due to {{c1::a…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::8}} days after fertilization, the trophoblast will differentiate into the {{c2::syncytiotrophoblast::outer multinucleated syncitium}} and {…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::12}} days after fertilization, {{c1::hemochorial placentation}} occurs where maternal blood cells come in contact with the syncytiotrophobl…
Published	07/30/2024	After implantation is complete, the trophoblast differentiates along 2 main pathways and forms {{c1::villous trophoblast::generates chorionic vil…
Published	07/30/2024	The extravillous trophoblast is further classified into...{{c1::Interstitial}} Trophoblast - Invade decidua. Eventually penetrate the myometrium to fo…
Published	07/30/2024	Pathway of major blood supply to the uterus 1. {{c1::Ovarian artery}} (from abdominal aorta) or {{c1::uterine artery}} (from internal iliac arter…
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] At mid trimester:1. Size of placenta2. Size of fetus{{c1::C}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Schultze mechanism}} is the type of placental expulsion where the shiny or fetal part is expelled first
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Duncan mechanism}} is the type of placental expulsion where the maternal part/dirty side/cotyledon part is expelled first
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c2::chorion}} is composed of the {{c1::mesenchyme}} and the {{c1::cytotrophoblast}}. Forms the outer cell mass of the blastocyst
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::basal chorion}} becomes the {{c2::chorion frondosum}} with the appearance of primary villi.The {{c1::capsular chorion}} becom…
Published	07/30/2024	Factors that regulate the blood flow to the placenta include what?{{c1::Maternal blood pressure}}{{c1::Intrauterine pressure}}{{c1::Type of uterine co…
Published	07/30/2024	The failure of the extravillous trophoblast may lead to {{c1::pre-eclampsia}}
Published	07/30/2024	Primary Chorionic villi - {{c1::Cytotrophoblast -invasion→ Syncytiotrophoblast}}Secondary Chorionic villi - {{c1::Extraembryonic mesoderm}} + Primary …
Published	07/30/2024	The cytotrophoblast from tertiary villi will grow into the {{c1::decidua basalis}} to form the {{c2::cytotrophoblastic shell}}.
Published	07/30/2024	All the villi connecting the decidua basalis is called the {{c1::anchoring}} villi
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Progesterone}} is thermogenic which causes changes in a pregnant px's basal body temperature
Published	07/30/2024	Histological Changes during placental growth:↑ {{c1::Capillaries & basement membrane}}↓ {{c1::Syncytiotrophoblast thickness, Cytotrophoblasts, Str…
Published	07/30/2024	The placenta takes over progesterone production by the {{c1::2nd}} trimester
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