Notes in CNS Injury

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	09/30/2024	sample {{c1::cns}}
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Published	09/30/2024	7594fccb145446dd9d8ef3dc80522606-oa-1
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Published	09/30/2024	5781b0fb24f84a568730af40ae7814b8-oa-2
Published	09/30/2024	5781b0fb24f84a568730af40ae7814b8-oa-3
Published	09/30/2024	5781b0fb24f84a568730af40ae7814b8-oa-4
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Published	09/30/2024	32805a5c7f3a4a8baf30734f214a0518-oa-1
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Published	09/30/2024	880f10f30fca4317aa42a1833dc16b4f-oa-1
Published	09/30/2024	880f10f30fca4317aa42a1833dc16b4f-oa-2
Published	09/30/2024	This is the {{c1::cerebellum::brain structure}} with large {{c2::Purkinje}} cells and small {{c3::granular neurons}}
Published	09/30/2024	This is a(n) {{c1::astrocyte}} stained with {{c2::glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)}}
Published	09/30/2024	This is {{c1::glia limitans}}
Published	09/30/2024	The {{c1::glia limitans}} is a layer of dense {{c2::astrocyte}} processes found beneath the {{c3::pia}} mater that seals and protects the surface of t…
Published	09/30/2024	The {{c1::glia limitans}} dips into brain tissue along {{c2::perivascular (Virchow-Robin)}} spaces
Published	09/30/2024	What is this?{{c1::capillary surrounded by astrocyte foot processes}}
Published	09/30/2024	These are {{c1::oligodendrocytes}}
Published	09/30/2024	Is chromatolysis reversible? {{c1::YES}}
Published	09/30/2024	In chromatolysis, accumulation of {{c1::neurofilaments}} push the {{c2::nucleus}} to the {{c3::periphery}} of the cell body
Published	09/30/2024	Axonal neuropathy due to T2DM shows diffuse loss of {{c1::large::size}}, {{c1::myelinated::myelination}} axons and {{c2::hyaline}} arteriolosclerosis …
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Hypertrophic}} neuropathy is characterized by repeated cycles of {{c3::demyelination}} and {{c3::remyelination}} due to primary dysfunction of {…
Published	09/30/2024	ID: {{c1::Negri bodies in Rabies}}
Published	09/30/2024	ID: {{c1::cytoplasmic inclusions in lysosomal storage diseases}}
Published	09/30/2024	ID: {{c1::Lewy body - Parkinson's Disease}}
Published	09/30/2024	ID: {{c1::alpha-synuclein cytoplasmic inclusions}}
Published	09/30/2024	ID: {{c1::AB neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease}}
Published	09/30/2024	ID: {{c1::senile amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease}}Bonus: what stain is it? {{c1::methenamine silver}}
Published	09/30/2024	ID: {{c1::damaged neuron surrounded by microglia}}
Published	09/30/2024	ID: {{c1::microglial nodule made of macrophages}}
Published	09/30/2024	ID: {{c1::lipid-containing macrophages in liquefactive necrosis}}
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Rosenthal fibers}} are inclusions in {{c2::astrocyte}} processes seen in {{c3::old scars}} and {{c4::low-grade pilocytic astrocytomas}}
Published	09/30/2024	ID: {{c1::reactive gliosis}}
Published	09/30/2024	A {{c1::gemistocyte}} is a swollen, reactive {{c2::astrocyte}} with {{c3::eosinophilic}} cytoplasm that is present following infarction
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Central Pontine Myelinolysis}} is a component of {{c2::osmotic demyelination syndrome}} and characterized by damage to white matter tracts after…
Published	09/30/2024	Central Pontine Myelinolysis is thought to occur due to the tightly packed grid arrangement of {{c1::oligodendrocytes}} in the pons that limits abilit…
Published	09/30/2024	This is c/w {{c1::Multiple Sclerosis::disease}} and uses {{c2::Kluver-Barrera}} myelin stain
Published	09/30/2024	ID: {{c1::numerous macrophages in demyelinated areas}} using IHC for {{c2::CD68}}
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy}} is a type of brain damage often caused by {{c2::arrhythmias}}, {{c3::shock}}, and {{c4::increased intracranial…
Published	09/30/2024	At onset of global hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), the brain appears grossly and microscopically {{c1::normal}}
Published	09/30/2024	At {{c1::24-48}} hours after global hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, there is1. {{c2::Blurred demarcation}} between grey and white matter2. {{c3::Foca…
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Cortical pseudolaminar}} necrosis is an irregular linear zone of necrosis of the {{c2::midcortical}} layer
Published	09/30/2024	ID: {{c1::shrunken neurons with pyknotic nuclei, eosinophilic cytoplasm, and extracellular edema}}Disease: {{c2::global hypoxic-ischemic encephalopath…
Published	09/30/2024	ID: {{c1::shrunken eosinophilic neurons}}Disease: {{c2::global hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy}}
Published	09/30/2024	Areas of the brain most susceptible to ischemia include1. {{c1::Hippocampal pyramidal cells}}2. {{c2::Cerebellar Purkinje cells}}3. {{c3::Globus palli…
Published	09/30/2024	ID: {{c1::hippocampal atrophy after hypoxia}}
Published	09/30/2024	Which part of the neuron is swelling the most obvious? {{c1::Nodes of Raniver (no myelin)}}
Published	09/30/2024	Anoxia causes axonal {{c1::swelling}} due to damage to the {{c2::Na+/K+-ATPase}}, resulting in Na+ (+ water) {{c3::influx}}, K+ {{c3::efflux…
Published	09/30/2024	Selective vulnerability of certain brain regions may be due to {{c1::glutamate}} metabolism and activation, resulting in excess {{c2::Ca2+}} entry, {{…
Published	09/30/2024	Hypoxia impaires Na+ and K+ ion gradients, resulting in {{c2::increased}} {{c1::glutamate}} release, {{c2::decreased}} reuptake, and eventua…
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Cytotoxic}} cerebral edema is characterized by increased {{c2::intra}}-cellular fluid and an {{c2::intact}} BBB
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Vasogenic}} cerebral edema is characterized by increased {{c2::extra}}-cellular fluid and an {{c3::impaired}} BBB
Published	09/30/2024	In vasogenic edema, fluid shifts from {{c1::intravascular}} to {{c1::interstitial}} compartments due to production of {{c2::VEGF}}, {{c3::glutamate}},…
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Vasogenic}} cereberal edema presents as {{c2::ring-enhancement}} on MRI
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Cytotoxic}} cerebral edema is due to an impaired {{c2::ATP pump}} that allows {{c3::Na+}} to freely enter the cell
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Osmotic}} cerebral edema is characterized by increased {{c2::intracellular}} fluid and an {{c3::intact}} BBB
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Interstitial}} cerebral edema is characterized by increased {{c2::interstitial}} fluid and an impaired {{c3::CSF-brain}} barrier
Published	09/30/2024	How does interstitial cerebral edema differ from vasogenic edema? {{c1::in the former, CSF contains little to no protein}}
Published	09/30/2024	ID: {{c1::vasogenic edema in white matter}}
Published	09/30/2024	ID: {{c1::edematous optic nerve protrudes into vitreous chamber}}
Published	09/30/2024	What stain is this? {{c1::Beta-amyloid precursor protein (BAPP)}}
Published	09/30/2024	Diffuse axonal injury is most commonly caused by {{c1::high speed MVA}}
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Non-penetrating}} traumatic brain injuries generally occur on the {{c2::inferior}} aspects of the {{c3::frontal}} and {{c3::temporal}} lobes
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Beta-amyloid precursor protein (BAPP)}} is made by neurons in response to injury, particularly {{c2::diffuse axonal}} injuries
Published	09/30/2024	Beta-amyloid precursor protein (BAPP) can be visualized via immunostain within {{c1::2-3}} hours after injury
Published	09/30/2024	ID: {{c1::beta-amyloid precursor protein (BAPP)}} visualized by {{c2::silver}} stain
Published	09/30/2024	Serum levels of specific biomarkers indicate the {{c1::degree}} of {{c2::traumatic encephalopathy}}
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP)}} is a serum biomarker detectable within {{c2::15 minutes}} of acute traumatic brain injury
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Ubiquitin C-terminal hydroxylase (UCH-L1)}} is a serum biomarker detectable within {{c2::1 hour}} of acute traumatic brain injury
Published	09/30/2024	Which serum biomarker correlates with the severity of injury determined by imaging and the Glasgow Coma Score? {{c1::Ubiquitin C-terminal hydroxylase …
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Interleukin-6}} is a serum biomarker released by {{c2::neurons}}, {{c3::astrocytes}}, and {{c4::microglia}} {{c5::immediately}} after acute trau…
Published	09/30/2024	Elevation of {{c1::IL-6}} serum biomarker in traumatic brain injury is associated with {{c2::worse}} outcomes
Published	09/30/2024	Elevation of {{c1::IL-6::serum biomarker}} in {{c2::early}} stages of traumatic brain injury indicates disruption of the {{c3::blood brain barrier}} a…
Published	09/30/2024	Elevation of {{c1::IL-6::serum biomarker}} in {{c2::late}} stages of traumatic brain injury promotes {{c3::neurogenesis}}
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Neurofilament light chain (NFL)}} is a serum biomarker released by {{c3::neurons}} and  analogous to {{c2::troponin}} release from myocardi…
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Tau}} is a serum biomarker that is significantly elevated within {{c2::hours}} of traumatic brain injury
Published	09/30/2024	Time frame for this is {{c1::2.5 hours}} after injury
Published	09/30/2024	Time frame for this is {{c1::5 days}} after injury
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)}} is a dementing illness that develops after repeated {{c2::head trauma}}
Published	09/30/2024	Chronic traumatic encephalopathy is characterized by enlarged {{c1::ventricles}} and accumulation of {{c2::tau neurofibrillary tangles}}, particularly…
Published	09/30/2024	Full clean up of damaged neuronal debris takes about {{c1::3}} month(s) in the {{c2::CNS}} and about {{c1::1}} month(s) in the {{c2::PNS}} (as long as…
Published	09/30/2024	In the CNS, axonal regeneration is inhibited by {{c1::glial scars}} formed by {{c2::astrocytes}}
Published	09/30/2024	Large tissue defects in the CNS cannot be repaired by {{c1::astrocytes}} and eventually become {{c2::cystic}}
Published	09/30/2024	Neurons in the {{c1::cerebral cortex}} stop dividing at approximately {{c2::20-25 weeks}} of gestation
Published	09/30/2024	Neurons in the {{c1::cerebellum}} keep dividing until approximately {{c2::11th postnatal month}}
Published	09/30/2024	Neural stem cells have been found in 2 locations1. {{c1::ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) of lateral ventricles}}2. {{c2::subgranular zone (SGZ…
Published	09/30/2024	Neuronal stem cells from the {{c1::ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ)}} of the {{c2::lateral ventricles}} generates {{c3::olfactory bulb}} neuron…
Published	09/30/2024	In {{c1::infants::demographic}}, neuronal stem cells from the {{c2::ventricular-subventricular zone}} of the lateral ventricles migrate to the {{c3::p…
Published	09/30/2024	Neuronal stem cells from the {{c1::subgranular zone}} in the {{c2::hippocampal dentate gyrus}} are involved in {{c3::neuroplasticity}}
Status	Last Update	Fields