Notes in Ch5

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Published	11/05/2024	define hemoglobinpathies
Published	11/05/2024	enumurate the major types of hemoglobinopathies
Published	11/05/2024	in sickle cell anemia a mutation occurs in the {{c1::Beta}}(alpha/beta)-chain
Published	11/05/2024	in sickle cell anemia a mutation occurs in the {{c1::E6}} alpha helix
Published	11/05/2024	in sickle cell anemia a mutation occurs changing {{c1::glutamic acid}} amino acid into {{c1::valine}}
Published	11/05/2024	in HbS the Valine (from mutation) binds to the {{c1::hydrophobic pocket}} in the deoxy-Hb
Published	11/05/2024	what does hemoglobin S form in reduced oxygen tension?
Published	11/05/2024	downside of sickling of RBCs in sickle cell anemia
Published	11/05/2024	upside of having sickle cell anemia (or trait)
Published	11/05/2024	Mutations in alpha or beta globins can result in disease state similar to {{c1::sickle cell anemia}} (sickle cell anemia/thalassemia)
Published	11/05/2024	define thalassemia
Published	11/05/2024	in alpha thalassemia there is decreased synthesis of {{c1::alpha}} globin
Published	11/05/2024	in beta thalassemia there is decreased synthesis of {{c1::beta}} globin and increase in {{c1::gamma}} and {{c1::delta}} chains
Published	11/05/2024	how many copies are there of alpha globin genes
Published	11/05/2024	how many copies are there of beta globin genes
Published	11/05/2024	types of beta thalassemia
Published	11/05/2024	infants with beta thalassemia major become severly anemic at what age
Published	11/05/2024	severe anemia in infants with beta thalassemia major results in {{c1::skeletal changes}} due to {{c2::extramedullary hematopoiesis}}
Published	11/05/2024	patients with thalassemia that need regular blood tranfusion
Published	11/05/2024	types of alpha thalassemias based on number of deleted copies
Published	11/05/2024	what causes congeital hemoglobinopathy with Hb M? and what is it's effect
Published	11/05/2024	what causes hemoglobinopathy with Hb C? and what is it's effect
Published	11/05/2024	define anemia
Published	11/05/2024	classification of anemia based on it's cause
Published	11/05/2024	types of Bone marrow hypofunction anemias
Published	11/05/2024	in {{c1::aplastic}} anemia there is depression in formation of RBCs and WBCs and platelets (pancytopenia)
Published	11/05/2024	causes of aplastic anemia
Published	11/05/2024	in {{c1::leuco-erythroblastic (myelophthisic anemia)}} anemia bone marrow tissue is replaced with other tissue
Published	11/05/2024	tissue that might replace bone marrow in leuco-erythroblastic anemia
Published	11/05/2024	causes of aplastic anemia due to destruction of bone marrow
Published	11/05/2024	drugs or chemicals that can cause destruction of bone marrow (aplastic anemia)
Published	11/05/2024	types of deficiency anemias
Published	11/05/2024	{{c1::hemolytic}} anemias are caused by rupture of exessive numbers of RBCs
Published	11/05/2024	types of hemolytic anemias
Published	11/05/2024	types of hemolytic anemia (intracorpuscular defect)
Published	11/05/2024	mode of inheritance of hereditary spherocytosis
Published	11/05/2024	mode of inheritance of sickle cell anemia
Published	11/05/2024	in hereditary spherocytosis blood cells get destroyed in the {{c1::spleen}} (organ)
Published	11/05/2024	in hemolytic anemia caused by enzyme deficient RBCs there is lack of {{c1::Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase}}
Published	11/05/2024	drugs that cause hemolysis in patients with G6PDD
Published	11/05/2024	extracorpuscular defects that lead to hemolytic anemia
Published	11/05/2024	examples of diseases with auto antibodies leading to hemolytic anemia
Published	11/05/2024	examples of iso-antibodies leading to hemolytic anemia
Published	11/05/2024	poisons that cause hemolytic anemia
Published	11/05/2024	pathological findings of hemolytic anemias
Published	11/05/2024	causes of hemorrhagic anemia
Published	11/05/2024	Classification of anemia based on appearance of cells
Published	11/05/2024	General pathological effects of anemia
Published	11/05/2024	define polycythemia
Published	11/05/2024	effects of polycythemia on blood pressure
Published	11/05/2024	types of polycythemia
Published	11/05/2024	define primary polycthemia
Published	11/05/2024	pathological findings of primary polycythmia
Published	11/05/2024	cause of cyanosis in primary polycythemia
Published	11/05/2024	features of liver and spleen in primary polycythemia
Published	11/05/2024	cause of increased tendency for thrombosis in primary polycthemia
Published	11/05/2024	cause of increased liability for hemorrhage in primary polycythemia
Published	11/05/2024	cause of peptic ulcers in primary polycythemia
Published	11/05/2024	define secondary polycythemia
Published	11/05/2024	secondary polycythemia is {{c1::NOT associated}} (associated/not associated) with leucocytosis or increased platelets
Published	11/05/2024	causes of secondary polycythemia
Published	11/05/2024	{{c1::high altitudes}}, {{c1::cyanotic congenital heart disease}} and {{c1::chronic pulmonary disease}} cause hypoxia leading to secondary polycythemi…
Published	11/05/2024	{{c1::renal cell carcinoma}}, {{c1::congenital polycystic kidney}} and {{c1::hydronephrosis}} are renal diseases that lead to secondary polycythemia
Published	11/05/2024	renal diseases causes secondary polycythemia due to secretion of {{c1::erythropoietin-like substances}}
Published	11/05/2024	causes of iron deficiency anemia
Published	11/05/2024	effect on RBC numbers in iron deficiency anemia
Published	11/05/2024	effect on hemoglobin conc. in iron deficiency anemia
Published	11/05/2024	effect on RBC size in iron deficiency anemia
Published	11/05/2024	pathological findings in iron deficiency anemia
Published	11/05/2024	appearance of finger nails in iron deficiency anemia
Published	11/05/2024	plummer-vinson syndrome occurs in {{c1::middle aged women}} (age & sex of patient)
Published	11/05/2024	symptoms of plummer-vinson syndrome
Published	11/05/2024	plumer-vinson syndrome usally leads to {{c1::post-cricoid carcinoma}} (complication)
Published	11/05/2024	what makes macrocytes or megalocytes worst than normal RBCs? (main problem)
Published	11/05/2024	effects of Vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency on erythroblasts in the bone marrow
Published	11/05/2024	oxygen carring capacity of macrocytes or megalocytes compared to RBCs
Published	11/05/2024	the number of RBCs {{c1::decreases}} in vitamin B12 deficiency
Published	11/05/2024	shape of RBCs in vitamin B12 defiency
Published	11/05/2024	cause neurological symptoms in Vitamin B12 deficiency
Published	11/05/2024	in {{c1::pernicious}} anemia there is inability to absorb adequate amounts of Vitamin B12 form the GIT
Published	11/05/2024	Perinicious anemia is also called {{c1::addison's}} anemia
Published	11/05/2024	causes of pernicious anemia
Published	11/05/2024	Pernicious anemia is more common in blood group {{c1::A}}
Published	11/05/2024	how to treat Pernicious anemia
Published	11/05/2024	Pathological findings in anemia caused by Vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency
Published	11/05/2024	cause of hemosiderosis in anemia due to Vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency
Published	11/05/2024	cynaosis can be seen in {{c1::polycythemia}} (polycythemia/anemia)
Published	11/05/2024	cause of anemia in chronic inflammation
Published	11/05/2024	how to treat anemia due to chronic inflammation
Published	11/05/2024	{{c1::Ferrous}} salts are usually used as iron treatment
Published	11/05/2024	oral preparations for iron therapy include {{c1::ferrous sulfate}}, {{c1::ferrous gluconate}} and {{c1::ferrous fumarate}}
Published	11/05/2024	advantages of oral iron therapy
Published	11/05/2024	new agents for oral iron therapy
Published	11/05/2024	prophylactic does of iron therapy
Published	11/05/2024	treatment dose of iron to treat iron deficiency
Published	11/05/2024	stop oral iron therapy {{c1::2 to 3 month}} after Hb is normal
Published	11/05/2024	adverse effects of oral iron therapy
Published	11/05/2024	how to decrease GI side effects of oral iron therapy
Published	11/05/2024	indications for parentral iron therapy
Published	11/05/2024	calculation for parenteral iron (TDI)
Published	11/05/2024	parental preparations of iron
Published	11/05/2024	adverse reactions of parenteral iron therapy
Published	11/05/2024	how to prevent anaphylactic shock in IV of iron
Published	11/05/2024	parenteral preparation of iron with most hypersensitivity
Published	11/05/2024	advantages of TDI (total does infusion) of parenteral therapy
Published	11/05/2024	what occurs to the patients in acute iron toxicity
Published	11/05/2024	treatment of acute iron toxicity
Published	11/05/2024	function of raw egg or milk in acute iron toxicity
Published	11/05/2024	causes of chronic iron toxicity
Published	11/05/2024	managment for chronic iron toxicity
Published	11/05/2024	preparations of Vitamin B12
Published	11/05/2024	dose of deferoxamine given in acute iron toxicity (parentral and oral)
Published	11/05/2024	advantages of hydroxycobalamin preparation of vitamin B12
Published	11/05/2024	treatment for aplastic anemia
Published	11/05/2024	use of erythropoietin
Published	11/05/2024	function of corticosteroids in treatment of aplastic anemia
Published	11/05/2024	bone transplantation for aplastic anemia is preceded and followed by {{c1::immunesupression with cyclosporin (prevent graft rejection)}}
Published	11/05/2024	common complications of erythropoietin
Published	11/05/2024	define sequestering anemia
Published	11/05/2024	how to diffrentiate between sequestered anemia and iron deficeincy anemia
Published	11/05/2024	theraputic uses of folic acid
Published	11/05/2024	Vitamin B12 supplement is either used for {{c1::megaloblastic anemia}} or {{c1::neurological conditions}}
Published	11/05/2024	theraputic uses of Vitamin B12 supplement FOR neurological condions
Published	11/05/2024	theraputic uses of Vitamin B12 supplement FOR megaloblastic anemia
Published	11/05/2024	how diphyllobothrium latum infection cause megaloblastic anemia
Published	11/05/2024	drugs that decrease Vitamin B12 absorption
Published	11/05/2024	treatment for diphyllobothrium latum
Published	11/05/2024	route of adminstartion of Vitamin B12 in pernicious anemia
Published	11/05/2024	doses of Vitamin B12 in treatment of pernicous anemia
Published	11/05/2024	drugs that cause thrombocytopenia
Published	11/05/2024	treatment for drug induced throbocytopenia
Published	11/05/2024	drugs that cause auto-immmune hemolytic anemia
Published	11/05/2024	drugs that cause hypersensitivity reaction (hemolytic anemia)
Published	11/05/2024	delete
Published	11/05/2024	beta thalassemia major is also called {{c1::cooley's}} anemia
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