Notes in 00 Asynch: BP Medications

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Published	11/07/2023	{{c2::Right}} heart failure may cause {{c1::jugular venous}} distension due to increased systemic venous pressure
Published	11/07/2023	Right heart failure is associated with peripheral {{c1::edema}} due to increased venous pressure and thus fluid transudation
Published	11/07/2023	What is the effect of advanced heart failure on pulse pressure?{{c1::Decreased pulse pressure}}
Published	11/07/2023	What effect do normal levels of angiotensin II have on GFR?{{c1::Increased GFR}}
Published	11/07/2023	What drug class do captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, and ramipril belong to?{{c1::ACE inhibitors}}
Published	11/07/2023	What effect do ACE inhibitors have on levels of angiotensin II?{{c1::Decreased AT II}}
Published	11/07/2023	What effect do ACE inhibitors and ARBs have on GFR?{{c1::Decreased GFR}}
Published	11/07/2023	ACE inhibitors and ARBs primarily cause {{c1::dilation}} of the {{c2::efferent}} arteriole of the kidney
Published	11/07/2023	ACE inhibitors and ARBs {{c1::decrease}} sodium and bicarbonate reabsorption at the {{c2::proximal convoluted tubule}}
Published	11/07/2023	ACE inhibitors and ARBs {{c1::decrease}} aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex
Published	11/07/2023	ACE inhibitors can cause a(n) {{c1::elevation}} in creatinine levels within the first few days of starting treatment
Published	11/07/2023	ACE inhibitors can cause significant {{c1::hypotension}} which can lead to {{c1::syncope}} in patients with high {{c2::renin}} levels (e.g. heart fail…
Published	11/07/2023	What effect do ACE inhibitors have on levels of angiotensin I and renin?{{c1::Increased levels}}
Published	11/07/2023	What effect may ACE inhibitors have on potassium levels?{{c1::Increased (hyperkalemia)}}
Published	11/07/2023	ACE inhibitors are first line agents in the treatment of heart {{c1::failure}}
Published	11/07/2023	Do ACE inhibitors reduce mortality in patients with heart failure and MI?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	11/07/2023	{{c2::ACE}} inhibitors decrease heart {{c1::remodeling}} induced by high levels of angiotensin II (e.g. chronic hypertension)
Published	11/07/2023	ACE inhibitors are a first line agent in the treatment of primary {{c1::hypertension}}
Published	11/07/2023	{{c2::ACE}} inhibitors may cause a(n) {{c1::dry cough}} due to lung irritation, secondary to increased {{c3::bradykinin}}
Published	11/07/2023	What effect do ACE inhibitors have on bradykinin activity?{{c1::Increased}}
Published	11/07/2023	What effect do ARBs have on bradykinin activity?{{c1::No effect}}
Published	11/07/2023	{{c3::ACE}} inhibitors are contraindicated in patients with {{c1::hereditary angioedema}}, which is characterized by a(n) {{c2::C1 esterase inhib…
Published	11/07/2023	ACE inhibitors may cause angioedema due to increased {{c1::bradykinin}}
Published	11/07/2023	ACE inhibitors are contraindicated during {{c1::pregnancy}} due to possible {{c1::teratogenic}} effects
Published	11/07/2023	Coadministration of ACE inhibitors with {{c1::NSAIDs}} can precipitate acute {{c2::kidney}} injury
Published	11/07/2023	NSAIDs decrease prostaglandins, which normally {{c1::dilate}} the {{c2::afferent}} arterioles of the kidney
Published	11/07/2023	What effect may NSAIDs have on GFR?{{c1::Decreased GFR}}
Published	11/07/2023	ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in bilateral {{c1::renal artery stenosis}}
Published	11/07/2023	ACE inhibitors may precipitate {{c1::acute renal failure}} in bilateral {{c2::renal}} artery stenosis, causing significantly increased serum&nbsp…
Published	11/07/2023	What drug class do losartan, candesartan, and valsartan belong to?{{c1::Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs)}}
Published	11/07/2023	ARBs are used to treat hypertension, proteinuria, HF, or diabetic nephropathy in patients intolerant to {{c1::ACE inhibitors}}
Published	11/07/2023	ARBs selectively block binding of angiotensin II to the {{c1::AT1}} receptor
Published	11/07/2023	What effect may ARBs have on potassium levels?{{c1::Increased (hyperkalemia)}}
Published	11/07/2023	What effect may ARBs have on blood pressure?{{c1::Decreased (hypotension)}}
Published	11/07/2023	{{c2::Aliskiren}} is a direct {{c1::renin}} inhibitor
Published	11/07/2023	What effect may aliskiren have on blood pressure?{{c1::Decreased (hypotension)}}
Published	11/07/2023	What effect does aliskiren have on GFR?{{c1::Decreased GFR}}
Published	11/07/2023	Aliskiren is relatively contraindicated in patients already taking {{c1::ACE inhibitors}} or {{c1::ARBs}}
Published	11/07/2023	What is the primary clinical use for aliskiren?{{c1::Treatment of hypertension}}
Published	11/07/2023	{{c1::Loop}} diuretics are the 1st line treatment for the symptomatic treatment of acute decompensated heart failure with fluid overload
Published	11/07/2023	Loop diuretics may be used to treat the symptoms of pulmonary {{c1::edema}} in an acute heart failure exacerbation
Published	11/07/2023	Do loop diuretics prolong life in heart failure?{{c1::No}}
Published	11/07/2023	What class of renal disorders may be treated with loop diuretics?{{c1::Nephrotic syndrome}}
Published	11/07/2023	What acid-base disorder may be caused by loop diuretics?{{c1::Metabolic alkalosis}}
Published	11/07/2023	In a low K+ state, {{c1::H+}} is exchanged for Na+ in the basolateral membrane of cortical collecting tubule, causing alkalosis and "paradoxical acidu…
Published	11/07/2023	Clonidine is a(n) {{c1::α2}}-adrenergic agonist that primary affects the {{c2::CNS::organ system}}
Published	11/07/2023	What effect does clonidine have on blood pressure?{{c1::Decreased (via reduced sympathetic tone)}}
Published	11/07/2023	{{c2::Clonidine}} is an α2 agonist that may be used to treat hypertensive {{c1::urgency}} (limited situations)
Published	11/07/2023	{{c1::Phenoxybenzamine}} is a non-selective irreversible {{c2::α1}} and {{c2::α2}} adrenergic receptor antagonist
Published	11/07/2023	What drug class do prazosin, terazosin, doxazosin, and tamsulosin belong to?{{c1::Selective α1 antagonists ("-osins")}}
Published	11/07/2023	Selective α1 adrenergic antagonists (except tamsulosin) may be used to treat {{c1::hypertension::BP}}
Published	11/07/2023	β-blockers {{c1::decrease}} cardiac contractility
Published	11/07/2023	β-blockers can cause or exacerbate {{c1::heart block}} due to excessive AV nodal inhibition
Published	11/07/2023	What type of β-blocker is atenolol?{{c1::Selective β1 antagonist (cardioselective)}}
Published	11/07/2023	β1 selective antagonists primarily suppress adrenergic stimulation of the {{c1::heart (cardioselective)}}
Published	11/07/2023	What non-selective β-blocker may be used in the treatment of CHF?{{c1::Carvedilol}}
Published	11/07/2023	What type of β-blocker is carvedilol?{{c1::Non-selective β- and α1-antagonist}}
Published	11/07/2023	Do cardioselective β-blockers reduce mortality in CHF and post-MI?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	11/07/2023	β-blockers reduce cardiac remodeling by protecting the heart from excess circulating {{c1::catecholamines}}
Published	11/07/2023	β-blockers {{c1::inhibit}} production of renin
Published	11/07/2023	What type of β-blocker is labetalol?{{c1::Non-selective α1- and β-antagonist}}
Published	11/07/2023	Which two β-blockers are non-selective α1- and β-antagonists?{{c1::Labetalol and carvedilol}}
Published	11/07/2023	Labetalol causes vaso-{{c1::dilation}}
Published	11/07/2023	Which β-blocker is used to treat hypertension during pregnancy (aka gestational hypertension)?{{c1::Labetalol}}
Published	11/07/2023	{{c2::Timolol}} is a topical non-selective β-blocker that is used to treat {{c1::open angle glaucoma}}
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