Notes in 01b Visual System

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	05/01/2024	ID Structure: {{c1::Sclera - Outer layer, posterior 4/5th of the eye}}
Published	05/01/2024	ID Structure: {{c1::Choroid - Middle layer, posterior 4/5th of the eye - Vascular layer}}
Published	05/01/2024	ID Structure: {{c1::Retina - Inner layer, posterior 4/5th of the eye - Neural layer}}
Published	05/01/2024	ID Structure: {{c1::Fovea - Small depression in the macula, which is the central point of the retina}}
Published	05/01/2024	ID Structure: {{c1::Cornea - Outer layer, anterior 1/5th of the eye}}
Published	05/01/2024	ID Structure: {{c1::Iris - Middle layer, anterior 1/5th of the eye}}
Published	05/01/2024	ID Structure: {{c1::Lens}}
Published	05/01/2024	ID Chamber: {{c1::Posterior chamber}}
Published	05/01/2024	ID Chamber: {{c1::Anterior chamber}}
Published	05/01/2024	ID Chamber: {{c1::Vitreous chamber}}
Published	05/01/2024	ID Structure: {{c1::Ciliary body}}
Published	05/01/2024	ID Structure: {{c1::Zonular fibers (suspensory ligaments)}}
Published	05/01/2024	ID Structure: {{c1::Optic disc}}
Published	05/01/2024	Which part of the posterior eye is not covered by the retina (blind spot)? {{c1::Optic disc}}
Published	05/01/2024	Visual acuity is highest at a central point of the retina, called the {{c1::macula}}
Published	05/01/2024	Light is focused in a depression within the macula, called the {{c1::fovea}}
Published	05/01/2024	The lens is suspended from the ciliary body by {{c1::zonular}} fibers
Published	05/01/2024	What two types of photoreceptors are used for vision?{{c1::rods and cones}}
Published	05/01/2024	Which photoreceptor is used for night vision? {{c1::Rods}}
Published	05/01/2024	Which photoreceptor is sensitive to low-intensity light? {{c1::Rods}}
Published	05/01/2024	Rods are characterized by {{c1::low::high/low}} acuity and {{c1::high::high/low}} sensitivity
Published	05/01/2024	Cones are characterized by {{c1::high::high/low}} acuity and {{c1::low::high/low}} sensitivity
Published	05/01/2024	Which photoreceptor is used for day and color vision? {{c1::Cones}}
Published	05/01/2024	Which photoreceptor is sensitive to high-intensity light? {{c1::Cones}}
Published	05/01/2024	Which type of photoreceptor is found in the fovea? {{c1::Cones}}
Published	05/01/2024	Which layer of the retina absorbs stray light and prevents scatter of light? {{c1::Pigment epithelial layer}}
Published	05/01/2024	The nuclei of photoreceptors are contained in the {{c1::outer nuclear}} layer of the retina
Published	05/01/2024	Output from photoreceptors (rods, cones) is transmitted to {{c1::bipolar}} cells, which reside in the {{c2::inner nuclear}} layer of the retina
Published	05/01/2024	The bipolar cells of the retina synapse with {{c1::ganglion}} cells, which are the output cells of the retina
Published	05/01/2024	Axons of the retinal {{c2::ganglion}} cells leave the eye via the {{c1::optic}} nerve
Published	05/01/2024	When light strikes the retina, {{c2::11-cis}} retinal is converted to {{c1::all-trans}} retinal
Published	05/01/2024	Regeneration of 11-cis retinal (from all-trans retinal) requires vitamin {{c1::A}}
Published	05/01/2024	Visual fields are subdivided into two hemifields: {{c1::nasal}} and {{c2::temporal}}
Published	05/01/2024	Visual images perceived on the nasal hemifield will stimulate cells on the {{c1::temporal}} half of the ipsilateral retina (and vice versa)
Published	05/01/2024	At the {{c2::optic chiasm}}, 60% of the optic fibers from the {{c1::nasal}} half of each retina cross and project into the contralateral {{c3::optic t…
Published	05/01/2024	Most fibers in the optic tract project to the {{c1::lateral geniculate body}} of the thalamus
Published	05/01/2024	The axons from the lateral geniculate body that project to the {{c1::primary visual (striate)}} cortex are known as optic {{c2::radiations}}
Published	05/01/2024	The primary visual (striate) cortex is divided into {{c1::cuneus::superior}} and {{c1::lingual::inferior}} gyri via the {{c2::calcarine}} fi…
Published	05/01/2024	Visual information from the {{c3::inferior}} retina travels in {{c1::Meyer's loop (temporal lobe)}} before synapsing in the {{c2::lingual}} gyrus
Published	05/01/2024	Visual information from the {{c2::superior}} retina travels in the dorsal optic radiation (parietal lobe) before synapsing in the {{c1::cuneus}} gyrus…
Published	05/01/2024	What is the orientation of an image when it hits the primary visual cortex? {{c1::Upside down with left-right reversed}}
Published	05/01/2024	What visual deficit results from lesion of the optic nerve just outside the optic chiasm (e.g. medially expanding ICA aneurysm)?{{c1::Ipsilateral nasa…
Published	05/01/2024	What visual deficit results from lesion of the optic chiasm (e.g. pituitary adenoma, craniopharyngioma)? {{c1::Bitemporal hemianopia}}
Published	05/01/2024	Lesion to areas after the optic chiasm result in {{c1::bin}}-ocular and homonymous {{c1::contra}}-lateral deficits in vision
Published	05/01/2024	What visual deficit results from lesion of the optic tract or lateral geniculate body?{{c1::Contralateral homonymous hemianopia}}
Published	05/01/2024	Patients with optic tract lesions will have a slightly suppressed {{c1::pupillary light}} reflex
Published	05/01/2024	{{c3::Gerstmann}} syndrome is caused by lesion to the {{c4::angular}} gyrus of the {{c2::dominant}} {{c1::parietal}} cortex
Published	05/01/2024	{{c1::Gerstmann}} syndrome is characterized by agraphia, acalculia, finger agnosia, and left-right disorientation
Published	05/01/2024	ID Eye Structure: {{c1::Physiologic cup}}
Published	05/01/2024	ID Eye Structure: {{c1::Optic disc}}
Published	05/01/2024	ID Eye Structure: {{c1::Macula}}
Published	05/01/2024	ID Eye Structure: {{c1::Fovea}}
Published	05/01/2024	ID Eye Structure: {{c1::Retinal artery}}
Published	05/01/2024	ID Eye Structure: {{c1::Retinal vein}}
Published	05/01/2024	Contralateral homonymous hemianopia is a visual deficit associated most commonly with a(n) {{c1::optic tract}} or with a(n) {{c2::lateral ge…
Published	05/01/2024	Contralateral homonymous inferior quadrantanopia is a visual deficit associated with lesion of the {{c1::parietal}} lobe (e.g. MCA infarct)
Published	05/01/2024	Contralateral homonymous superior quadrantanopia is a visual deficit associated with lesion of the {{c1::temporal}} lobe (e.g. MCA infarct)
Published	05/01/2024	Unilateral temporal visual field loss is a visual deficit associated with lesion of the {{c1::optic chiasm}}
Published	05/01/2024	Unilateral anopia with RAPD is most likely due to lesion of the ispilateral {{c1::optic nerve}}
Published	05/01/2024	Unilateral anopia without RAPD is most likely due to lesion of the ispilateral {{c1::retina}}
Published	05/01/2024	Homonymous hemianopia with RAPD is most likely due to lesion of the contralateral {{c1::optic tract}}
Published	05/01/2024	Homonymous hemianopia without RAPD is most likely due to lesion of the contralateral {{c1::lateral geniculate body*}}
Published	05/01/2024	Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) extinction is seen in scotomas that affect the {{c1::parietal lobe}}
Status	Last Update	Fields