Notes in Fellowship::Rheumatology

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	01/18/2025	The clinical triad of dry eyes (xerophthalmia), dry mouth (xerostomia), and symmetrical arthritis is associated with ___.
Published	01/18/2025	What is the likely diagnosis?Patient with symmetrical muscle weakness, dysphagia, elevated CK and ESR{{c1::Polymyositis/Dermatomyositis (+ skin)}}
Published	01/18/2025	What is the likely diagnosis?Polyarthralgia, tenosynovitis, painless pustular/vesiculopustular skin lesions{{c1::Disseminated gonococcemiaTriad: polya…
Published	01/18/2025	What is the likely diagnosis?Young male with back pain that improves with activity and NSAIDs, worsens with rest and at night{{c1::Ankylosing Spondyli…
Published	01/18/2025	What is the likely diagnosis?Young-middle aged woman, widespread tenderness at trigger points, cognitive disturbances. Inflammatory markers are normal…
Published	01/18/2025	What is the likely diagnosis?Patient with rheumatoid arthritis, stable symptoms, anemia, high MCV{{c1::Methotrexate side effect (macrocytic anemia)}}
Published	01/18/2025	What is the likely diagnosis?Most likely diagnosis in a young male with low back pain and increased FEV1/FVC{{c1::Ankylosing spondylitis (restrictive …
Published	01/18/2025	What is the likely diagnosis?Sausage digits (dactylitis), nail pitting {{c1::Psoriatic arthritis}}
Published	01/18/2025	What is the likely diagnosis?Pencil-in-cup deformity on X-ray{{c1::Psoriatic arthritis}}
Published	01/18/2025	What is the likely diagnosis?Older male with hypercalcemia, ↑ alkaline phosphatase, ↑ serum urine hydroxyproline{{c1::Paget's disease (excessive, diso…
Published	01/18/2025	What is the likely diagnosis?Middle-aged adult with unilateral hip pain that is worsened when patient lies on their side{{c1::Trochanteric bursitis (i…
Published	01/18/2025	What is the likely diagnosis?Pregnant woman has (+) VDRL and negative FTA-ABS. Labs show prolonged PTT and thrombocytopenia. What is the treatment?{{c…
Published	01/18/2025	What is complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)?{{c1::A disorder of the extremities that is characterized by pain, swelling, limited range of motion, va…
Published	01/18/2025	Ankylosing spondylitis is most common in what age group and demographic? {{c1::20-40 year age group with Caucasian males being most frequently affecte…
Published	01/18/2025	Treatment of a disc herniation in degenerative disc disease is{{c1::typically nonoperative as 90% of patients improve without surgery.}}
Published	01/18/2025	Physical exam findings in degenerative joint disease include:{{c1::Decreased range of motion}}{{c1::Effusion}}{{c1::Malalignment}}{{c1::Joint crepitus…
Published	01/18/2025	Physical examination of a patient with fibromyalgia reveals {{c1::tenderness in multiple soft tissue locations.}}
Published	01/18/2025	The diagnosis of gout is made after joint aspiration. On polarizing light microscopy, the negatively birefringent monosodium urate crystals …
Published	01/18/2025	Physical exam findings present with a torn ligament are {{c1::decreased joint range of motion and instability on joint stress testing.}}
Published	01/18/2025	Lumbar spinal stenosis typically causes {{c1::lower back/leg pain relieved by sitting and flexion of the spine.}} Patients classic…
Published	01/18/2025	The clinical presentation of meniscal tears includes {{c1::pain localizing to the side of the tear with the addition of locking and cli…
Published	01/18/2025	What is related to anti-U1-ribonucleoprotein (anti-U1-RNP)?{{c1::Mixed Connective Tissue Disease}}
Published	01/18/2025	Osteopetrosis is commonly associated with cranial nerve palsies, producing symptoms related to the following cranial nerves in order of decreasing fre…
Published	01/18/2025	True or false: Osteoporosis is largely asymptomatic  {{c1::True}}
Published	01/18/2025	The most common locations for the development of osteosarcoma are the {{c1::distal femur, proximal tibia, or proximal humerus.}}
Published	01/18/2025	Paget disease of bone presents with several orthopedic manifestations, which include:{{c1::Bone pain}}{{c1::Long bone bowing}}{{c1::Increased cranial …
Published	01/18/2025	Polyarteritis nodosa generally presents in which patient demographics, with what symptoms, and what organ system involvement?{{c1::in middle-aged and …
Published	01/18/2025	Pseudogout is characterized by {{c1::calcium pyrophosphate dehydrate deposition in joints.}}
Published	01/18/2025	True or false: Psoriatic arthritis may be initiated by interferon-gamma treatment for psoriasis. {{c1::True. Other causes include&nbsp…
Published	01/18/2025	Reactive arthritis: 75% of patients are {{c1::HLA-B27::MHC class}} positive. Patients are typically between ages {{c1::s…
Published	01/18/2025	People who carry the {{c1::HLA-DR4}} allele are predisposed to developing rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis typically pres…
Published	01/18/2025	The clinical presentation of septic arthritis includes:{{c1::Pain in the affected joint, most commonly the kneeFeverPain during passive range of motio…
Published	01/18/2025	Sjögren syndrome has an insidious presentation featuring at least one of the following:{{c1::Sicca symptoms like xerophthalmia and xerostomia}}{{c1::N…
Published	01/18/2025	During a physical exam, a positive Kemp sign is found in {{c1::spinal stenosis, which is unilateral radicular pain that is made worse by ext…
Published	01/18/2025	Drugs that are commonly associated with drug-induced lupus include:{{c1::Sulfa drugsHydralazineIsoniazidProcainamidePhenytoinEtanercept}}
Published	01/18/2025	Scleroderma is four-times more common in {{c1::women, with black women having twice the incidence of white women.}}
Published	01/18/2025	What does a negative ANA suggest for a suspected SLE diagnosis?
Published	01/18/2025	Considerations prior to ordering rheum labs (3)
Published	01/18/2025	Causes of inflammatory arthritides
Published	01/18/2025	Examples of rheum-related connective tissue disease
Published	01/18/2025	Categories of vasculitis?
Published	01/18/2025	ESR measures the {{c1::distance fallen by RBCs in a test tube in 1 hour.}} Acute phase reactants cause RBCs to clump and precipitate at a {{c1::faster…
Published	01/18/2025	Causes of elevated ESR include: {{c1::anemia}}, {{c1::hypoalbuminemia}}, {{c1::hypergammaglobulinemia}}, {{c1::ESRD}}, {{c1::DM}}, {{c1::pregnancy}}, …
Published	01/18/2025	Causes of decreased ESR include {{c1::polycythemia}}, {{c1::CHF}}, {{c1::cryoglobulinemia}}, and {{c1::hypofibrinogenemia}}
Published	01/18/2025	Explain the utility of ESR in the diagnosis of rheumatologic illness
Published	01/18/2025	To calculate the upper limit of normal for ESR {{c1::</= age/2 (+5 in women)}}
Published	01/18/2025	CRP is produced in {{c1::the liver}}
Published	01/18/2025	The rate of change for CRP is {{c1::faster}} than ESR
Published	01/18/2025	CRP increases within {{c1::4-6 hours}} and normalizes in {{c1::1 week}}
Published	01/18/2025	Non-acute non-rheumatologic causes of elevated CRP include: {{c1::CHF}}, {{c1::smoking}}, {{c1::DM}}, {{c1::obesity}}It is not affected by  {{c1:…
Published	01/18/2025	Complement proteins are proteins of the complement cascade that are activated by {{c1::antigen-antibody immune complexes}} and {{c1::microbial pathoge…
Published	01/18/2025	Complement levels decrease with {{c1::increased}} immune complex-mediated activity and increase with other {{c1::inflammatory disorders}}
Published	01/18/2025	C4>>C3 may indicate {{c1::cryoglobulins}}
Published	01/18/2025	ANA are autoantibodies directed against {{c1::intra-nuclear antigens }}
Published	01/18/2025	ANA titers greater than {{c1::>/= 1:160}} are more likely too represtent true-positive results; titers {{c1::</= 1:40}} are unlikely to represen…
Published	01/18/2025	ANA is nearly {{c1::100%}} sensitive for SLE
Published	01/18/2025	Utility of testing an ANA for: inflammmatory arthritis (RA/SpA): {{c1::no utility}}primary vasculitis: {{c1::no utility}}CTD: SLE sn: {{c1::>9…
Published	01/18/2025	ANA subserologies{{c1::anti-RNP}}: 100% sns for {{c2::MCTD}}
Published	01/18/2025	ANA subserologiesAnti-DS DNA: high titers are highly {{c1::Specific::sensitive or specific}} for SLE
Published	01/18/2025	Monitoring anti-DS DNA levels have prognostic values in {{c1::lupus nephritis}}
Published	01/18/2025	ANA subserologiesAnti SSA (ro) and SSB are fairly {{c1::specific:: sn or sp}} for Sjogren's syndrome
Published	01/18/2025	ANA subserologiesAnti-Sm: {{c1::99}}% specific for SLE and {{c1::30}}% sensitive
Published	01/18/2025	ANA subserologies{{c1::Anti-centromere}} ab is classically associated with {{c2::limited scleroderma (lcSSc)}}
Published	01/18/2025	Rheumatoid Factor (RF) is an {{c1::IgM (less commonly IgG and IgA::IgG, IgA, or IgM)}} antibody directed against {{c1::the Fc portion of self-IgG}}
Published	01/18/2025	RF is {{c1::80}}% sensitive for RA
Published	01/18/2025	Up to {{c1::40}}% of RA patients may be RF negative (seronegative) early in their disease course
Published	01/18/2025	High RF titers {{c1::correlate::do or do not correlate}} with disease severity and extra-articular manifestations of RA
Published	01/18/2025	Common causes of a positive RF include: {{c1::old age}}, {{c1::other AI diseases (aside from RA)}}, {{c1::non AI diseases}}
Published	01/18/2025	RF positivity AI disease: {{c1::SLE, SjS, cyroglobulinemia, SSc, MCTD, PM/DM::7}}Non-AI diseases: {{c1::chronic infx (HCV), endocarditis, osteomyeliti…
Published	01/18/2025	RF is {{c1::not::is/is not}} required for the dx of RA
Published	01/18/2025	Anti-CCP antibodies are directed against {{c1::proteins with post-translationsl modification of arginine}} which may have a role in the pathogenesis o…
Published	01/18/2025	Anti CCP {{c1::is::is/is not}} associated with more aggressive and erosive RA and {{c1::not::is/is not}} associated with disease activity or extra-art…
Published	01/18/2025	Cryoglobulins are {{c1::immunoglobulins that reversibly precipitate at cold temperatures}}. Precipitation can lead to {{c1::microvascular occlusion or…
Published	01/18/2025	There are three types of cryoglbulinsType I: monoglonal Ig ({{c1::often IgM or IgG isotypes::Which subtype of Ig}}) that usually result from {{c1::mon…
Published	01/18/2025	The interaction of RF with monoclonal cryoglobulin can {{c1::activate complement}} and is associated with {{c2::small and medium size vasculitis}}
Published	01/18/2025	Common infections that result in  type II or type III cryglobulins include {{c1::HCV, HBV, HIV, bacterial infections, and parasites. }}
Published	01/18/2025	ANCA antibodies are directed against {{c1::cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils}}
Published	01/18/2025	C-ANCA and P-ANCA are patterns that are identified by {{c1::indirect immunofluorescence, or IIF::type of staining technique}}
Published	01/18/2025	PR3 and MPO are detected with {{c1::ELISA::Type of test to detect}}
Published	01/18/2025	P-ANCA correlates with {{c1::MPO, or myeloperoxidase peri-nuclear protein::type of ELISA antigen target}}
Published	01/18/2025	C-ANCA is associated with {{c1::serine proteinase-3 (PR-3)::cytoplasmic protein identified on ELISA}}
Published	01/18/2025	Elevated C-ANCA is associated with {{c1::GPA (>90% sensitivity and specificity) and EGPA (rarely)::2}}
Published	01/18/2025	P-ANCA is associated with {{c1::MPA (75% of patients are P-ANCA positive), EGPA (40% of pts +), and renal limited vasculitis::3 diseases}}
Published	01/18/2025	P-ANCA and MPO are {{c1::less::more/less}} specific than C-ANCA and PR3
Published	01/18/2025	Immunofluorescence staining (C-ANCA & P-ANCA) must be confirmed with ELISAs for {{c1::MPO and PR3}}
Published	01/18/2025	False positive ANCA results can be due to infections such as {{c1::HIV, TB, endocarditis, and other viral infx}}, drugs such as {{c1::hydralazine, PTU…
Published	01/18/2025	Drug-induced ANCA vasculitis is reported with {{c1::PTU, methimazoole, hydralaine, minocycline, and levamisole::4 examples}}
Published	01/18/2025	Drug induced ANCA-associated vasculitis is associated with {{c1::MPO/P-ANCA::IF/ELISA}}
Published	01/18/2025	Drug induced ANCA associated vasculitis clinical presentation includes {{c1::constitutional symptoms, arthralgias, and cutaneous vasculitis}}
Published	01/18/2025	ANCA titer {{c1::can::does or does not}} correlate with disease activity in drug-induced ANCA vasculitis
Published	01/18/2025	antiphospholipid antibody syndrome (APLS) antibodies include {{c1::anticardiolipin, anti-beta2 glycoprotein 1, and antiphospholipid antibody}}
Published	01/18/2025	Reactive arthritis, formerly called {{c1::Reiter’s syndrome}}, is an {{c2::asymmetric::asymmetric vs. symmetric}} arthropathy with&nbsp…
Published	01/18/2025	{{c1::75}}% of patients with reactive arthritis are HLA-B27 positive.
Published	01/18/2025	Patients with reactive arthritis will have an enteric or urogenital infection {{c1::one to four weeks:: time prior to developing symptomms}}…
Published	01/18/2025	Patients with reactive arthritis have painful joints with effusions and limited mobility. New joints may become painful sequentially over days (a…
Published	01/18/2025	Reactive arthritis diagnosis couples {{c1::clinical features with synovial fluid that lacks infection or crystals}}. Laboratory findings include an {{…
Published	01/18/2025	Treat reactive arthritis with {{c1::rest, joint immobilization, and NSAIDs, and antibiotics if there is a concurrent genitourinary infection.}}
Published	01/18/2025	In reactive arthritis, antibiotics used for a concurrent genitourinary infection include {{c1::ceftriaxone and doxycycline or azithromycin}} for …
Published	01/18/2025	Reactive arthritis complications are rare but still exist. Some patients may develop {{c1::chronic uveitis that ultimately causes visual impairment::o…
Published	01/18/2025	Rheumatoid factor is an {{c1::IgM::immunoglobulin type}} against the Fc portion of {{c1::the patient’s own IgG antibodies}}. Rheum…
Published	01/18/2025	In rheumatoid arthritis, the RF IgM-self IgG complexes trigger a {{c1::cell-mediated::humoral or cell-mediated}} inflammatory response, which lea…
Published	01/18/2025	Rheumatoid arthritis affects about {{c1::1}}% of adults in the US; women are {{c1::2-3}} times more likely to have RA than men. People who carry …
Published	01/18/2025	Classic deformities present in rheumatoid arthritis include: {{c1::Ulnar deviation}} of the fingers at the MCP joint {{c1::Swan-neck deformities…
Published	01/18/2025	Rheumatoid arthritis is associated with systemic manifestations, which include: {{c1::Pericarditis::cardiac}} {{c1::Scleritis::ocular}} {{c1::Felty’s…
Published	01/18/2025	Joint fluid aspiration in rheumatoid arthritis shows{{c1:: decreased complement and an increased leukocyte count.}} Additional lab findings in rh…
Published	01/18/2025	{{c1::Methotrexate }}is the initial disease modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) of choice for most patients with active rheumatoid arthritis. O…
Published	01/18/2025	If patients have symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis that persist for greater than {{c1::6 months}} the next step is to either: {{c1::Add biologic DMARD…
Published	01/18/2025	All patients should be screened for {{c1::hepatitis B and C and latent tuberculosis}} prior to beginning therapy with DMARD (both biologic and no…
Published	01/18/2025	Sjögren syndrome is a chronic autoimmune disorder with {{c1::exocrine::endo or exocrine}} gland dysfunction and dry muco…
Published	01/18/2025	Sjögren syndrome is associated with other autoimmune conditions and may be associated with {{c1::CMV and EBV::two viral infections}}.
Published	01/18/2025	Sjögren syndrome patients are at an increased risk of hematologic malignancy like {{c1::mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma}}.
Published	01/18/2025	There is an increased risk of {{c1::congenital heart block}} in a pregnant Sjögren syndrome patient’s fetus.
Published	01/18/2025	Xerophthalmia is treated with {{c1::preservative-free artificial tears or topical ocular glucans}}. If severe enough,{{c1:: topical cyclospo…
Published	01/18/2025	Lupus is a type {{c1::III}} hypersensitivity reaction (with the exception of associated blood disorders), which involves antibody-…
Published	01/18/2025	Demographics associated with increased SLE prevalence include: {{c1::Young women (highest incidence and prevalence)}} {{c1::African Americans}} …
Published	01/18/2025	Drug-induced lupus can present with similar symptoms and resolves when {{c1::the offending drug is discontinued}}. Slow {{c1::acet…
Published	01/18/2025	In drug induced lupus there is no {{c1::CNS or renal}} involvement, and the patient will only have {{c1::anti-histone}} antibodies
Published	01/18/2025	SLE patients may have false-positive serologic tests for {{c1::syphilis (eg, RPR or VDRL)}} due to {{c2::antiphospholipid antibodi…
Published	01/18/2025	The most worrisome complication of SLE is {{c1::infection (secondary to immunosuppression)}}, which is the most common cause of de…
Published	01/18/2025	In patients with SLE who are not medically treated, {{c1::renal failure and cardiovascular disease}} are the most common causes of death.
Published	01/18/2025	complications associated with SLE include: {{c1::Libman-Sacks Endocarditis (nonbacterial verrucous endocarditis), which vegetations are fou…
Published	01/18/2025	SOAP BRAIN MD in lupus stands for: {{c1::Serositis}} {{c1::Oral ulcers}} {{c1::Arthritis (>2 joints)}} {{c1::Photosensitivity (sun-induced ras…
Published	01/18/2025	Renal disorders of SLE are associated with proteinuria or cellular casts and include: Class IV lupus nephritis: {{c1::diffuse proliferative glomerulo…
Published	01/18/2025	In scleroderma, the most commonly affected internal organs: {{c1::GI tract (90%)}} {{c1::Lungs (70%)}} {{c1::Musculoskeletal (45-68%)}…
Published	01/18/2025	Scleroderma typically presents between ages {{c1::twenty and fifty}}.
Published	01/18/2025	The two main forms of scleroderma are {{c1::limited}} (60%) and {{c1::diffuse}} (35%).
Published	01/18/2025	Scleroderma is associated with {{c1::primary biliary cirrhosis::type of AI biliary disease}}
Published	01/18/2025	Scleroderma is associated with malignancies such as {{c1::(esophageal, lung, skin, and oropharyngeal)}}.
Published	01/18/2025	Scleroderma (systemic sclerosis) pathogenesis involves {{c1::overproduction of extracellular matrix components, microvascular dysfunction, a…
Published	01/18/2025	Raynaud phenomenon is present in {{c1::95}}% of scleroderma patients.
Published	01/18/2025	The most common GI manifestation of systemic sclerosis is {{c1::esophageal hypomotility and concomitant incompetence of the lower esophageal sphincter…
Published	01/18/2025	Systemic sclerosis can cause {{c1::interstitial and perivascular fibrosis::location of fibrosis}} in the kidneys. The resultant arteriolar vasculitis …
Published	01/18/2025	Cardiac involvement of scleroderma can result in {{c1::areas of myocardial fibrosis}}
Published	01/18/2025	{{c2::Interstitial fibrosis}} is the most common cause of pulmonary complications in patients with systemic sclerosis. Other pulmonary complicati…
Published	01/18/2025	The {{c1::limited}} subtype (60% of scleroderma patients) presents with the CREST mnemonic: {{c1::Anti-Centromere antibody (not seen in dif…
Published	01/18/2025	Most patients with scleroderma have positive antinuclear (ANA) antibodies; more specific autoantibodies include: Diffuse scleroderma:{{c1::&nbsp…
Published	01/18/2025	Primary gout is the result of hyperuricemia due to {{c1::nucleic acid metabolism disorders (e.g. Lesch-Nyhan syndrome) and/or unde…
Published	01/18/2025	Gout is most common in men aged {{c1::40-60}} years old.
Published	01/18/2025	Causes of overproduction of uric acid associated with gout are {{c1::obesity, cancer, and hemoglobinopathies}}
Published	01/18/2025	Causes of underexcretion of uric acid associated with gout include {{c1::renal disease and the use of loop or thiazide diuretics.}…
Published	01/18/2025	Elevated uric acid {{c1::is not::is/is not}} diagnostic of gout
Published	01/18/2025	Synovial fluid analysis in patients with acute gout reveals {{c1::an elevated leukocyte count (2,000-100,000cells/mm3) with neutrophilic predominance …
Published	01/18/2025	Three classes of agents used in the treatment of chronic gout are: {{c1::Xanthine oxidase inhibitors (e.g. allopurinol, febuxostat)}} {{c1::Uric…
Published	01/18/2025	Probenecid is contraindicated in patients with a history of {{c1::nephrolithiasis since it is associated with the formation of renal stones.}}
Published	01/18/2025	The choice of which class of urate-lowering drug to use in patients with chronic gout is guided by 24 hr urine uric acid excretion. Generally, the fol…
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Published	01/18/2025	The {{c1::homogenous (diffuse)}} staining pattern includes {{c2::DNA-histone (nucleosome)}} and {{c2::Mi-2}}.
Published	01/18/2025	DNA-histone (nucleosome) and Mi-2 are {{c1::homogeneous}} ANA staining patternsDNA-histone (nucleosome) is associated with {{c1::SLE, drug-induced LE,…
Published	01/18/2025	{{c2::Rim (peripheral)}} ANA staining pattern includes {{c1::dsDNA}}
Published	01/18/2025	{{c1::Speckled}} ANA staining pattern includes anti- {{c2::SS-A (ro)}}, {{c2::SS-B(la)}}, {{c2::RNP}}, {{c2::Sm}}, {{c2::Ku}}
Published	01/18/2025	SS-A is {{c1::speckeld}} pattern ANA staining and is associated with {{c2::SLE}}, {{c2::SCLE}}, {{c2::primary sjogren's}}, {{c2::systemic sclerosis}},…
Published	01/18/2025	SS-B is a {{c1::speckled}} ANA pattern and is associated with {{c2::SLE}}, {{c2::primary sjogren's}}, {{c2::SCLE}}
Published	01/18/2025	RNP is a {{c2::speckled}} pattern ANA and is associated with {{c1::MCTD}}, {{c1::systemic sclerosis}}, and {{c1::SLE}}
Published	01/18/2025	Sm is a {{c1::speckled}} pattern ANA and is associated with {{c2::SLE}}
Published	01/18/2025	Ku is a {{c1::speckled}} pattern ANA and is associated with {{c2::SLE}}, {{c2::polymyositis/systemic sclerosis overlap}}
Published	01/18/2025	{{c2::Nucleolar}} staining pattern ANA includes {{c1::Topoisomerase I}}, {{c1::RNAP III}}, {{c1::Fibrillarin (U3-RNP)}}, {{c1::TH/TO}}, and {{c1::PM-S…
Published	01/18/2025	topoisomerase I (SCL-70) is a {{c1::Nucleolar}} staining ANA pattern and is associated with {{c2::diffuse systemic sclerosis}}
Published	01/18/2025	RNAP III is a {{c2::nucleolar}} staining ANA pattern and is associated with {{c1::systemic slerosis }}
Published	01/18/2025	Fibrillarin (U3-RNP) is a {{c1::nucleolar}} staining pattern ANA and is associated with {{c2::systemic sclerosis}}
Published	01/18/2025	TH/TO is a {{c1::nucleolar}} staining ANA pattern and is associated with {{c2::systemic sclerosis}}
Published	01/18/2025	PM-Scl (PM-1) is a {{c2::nucleolar}} ANA staining pattern and is associated with {{c1::polymyositis overlap}}
Published	01/18/2025	{{c1::Centromere (kinetochore)}} is an ANA staining pattern associated with {{c2::limited scleroderma}}
Published	01/18/2025	Compare the sensitivity of RF and anti-CCP for RA{{c1::They are equally sensitive, but CCP is more specific}}
Published	01/18/2025	Low complement levels (C3, C4) suggest {{c1::an immune complex-mediated disease}}, whereas undetectable CH50 activity may indicate {{c1::a disease ass…
Published	01/18/2025	{{c1::IL-6}} is an inflammatory cytokine that is an important mediator that stimulates {{c2::the production of acute phase reactants}}
Published	01/18/2025	What factors cause an increased ESR?{{c1::Any condition that causes a rise in the concentration of acute-phase reactants or hypergammaglobulimenmia.&n…
Published	01/18/2025	What causes an extremely increased ESR (>100mm/hr){{c1::Bacterial infection (35%)}}{{c2::CTD: GCA, PMR, SLE, vasculitis (25%)}}{{c3::Malignancy: ly…
Published	01/18/2025	Describe an approach to the evaluation of an elevated ESR{{c1::1) H&P, basic labs (CBC, CMP, UA)2) Repeat ESR}}if still unrevealing: {{c1::3)…
Published	01/18/2025	In comparison with ESR, CRP can be a helpful tool when understanding an inflammatory response because {{c1::it rises and falls more quickly than ESR, …
Published	01/18/2025	A patient with SLE can be ANA negative in the following situations: {{c1::-hereditary early completement component deficiency-Ab is directed agai…
Published	01/18/2025	Non-rheumatologic examples of disease with positive ANAs include {{c1::-Autoimmune liver disease (hepatitis, cholangitis--100% positive)-Primary …
Published	01/18/2025	A positive ANA in a person with a single autoimmmune clinical manifestation (discoid lupus, Raynauds, APS, idiopathic thromboctyopenic purpura) increa…
Published	01/18/2025	ANA titer {{c1::can not::can/cannot}} be used to measure disease activity in lupus or other AI conditions
Published	01/18/2025	What is the significance of the staining pattern of ANA?{{c1::They provide a clue to the category of nuclear antigens involved and are dependent upon …
Published	01/18/2025	RF is primarily an Ig{{c1::M}} isotype
Published	01/18/2025	Teleologically RFs probably developed to {{c1::help remove immune complexes from the circulation}}
Published	01/18/2025	If C-ANCA is not against PR3 or P-ANCA is not against MPO, look for {{c1::other causes other than vasculitis for the positive ANCA}}
Published	01/18/2025	Do ANCA titers fluctuate with disease activity?{{c1::This is controversial. There is some evidence ammong patients with GPA who are PR3 positive, espe…
Published	01/18/2025	The causes of decreased circulating complement components can be due to1) {{c1::decreased production, due to hereditary deficiency or liver disease.&n…
Published	01/18/2025	Autoimmmune disease assoociated with decreased complement levels include-{{c1::SLE}}-{{c1::systemic vasculitis (esp. polyarterits nodosa, uritcarial v…
Published	01/18/2025	Infectious diseases associated with decreased complement levels include-{{c1::subacute bacterial endocarditis}}-{{c1::bacterial sepsis (pneumococcal, …
Published	01/18/2025	What types of glomerulonephritides are assocated with decreased complement?-{{c1::post-streptococcal}}-{{c1::membranoproliferative}}
Published	01/18/2025	Low levels of C3 and C4 indicate {{c1::classic commplement pathway activation usually by  immmune complexes}}. Alternative complement pathway act…
Published	01/18/2025	CH50's utility is in screening for {{c1::complement deficiency}}
Published	01/18/2025	{{c1::Muscle strain}} is the most common etiology underlying a presenting complaint of lower back pain.Patients complain of pain associated with …
Published	01/18/2025	{{c1::Degenerative disc disease}} causes lower back pain which is exacerbated by {{c2::flexion of the spine and increases in intra-abdominal pressure}…
Published	01/18/2025	A positive passive straight leg test raise is consistent with {{c1::degenerative disc disease}}, and is typically negative in the setting of {{c1::lum…
Published	01/18/2025	LBP evaluationEvaluation of the L4, L5 and S1 nerve roots revealing focal deficits is consistent with {{c1::lumbar disc herniation, as lateral herniat…
Published	01/18/2025	Diagnostic imaging is necessary when the following red flags are present in a patient with lower back pain:{{c1::TraumaUnexplained constitutional symp…
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