Notes in Week 4

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	09/19/2023	{{c1::Chest pain}} is the most common reason for ECG in children
Published	09/19/2023	6 major categories of heart issues{{c1::coronary}}: ischemia --> acute MI{{c2::muscle}}: squeeze --> blood pressure{{c3::rhythm}}: palpitations …
Published	09/19/2023	{{c1::Angioplasty}} is the process of using a balloon to remove a blood clot
Published	09/19/2023	{{c1::Cardiac Output}} = {{c2::Heart Rate}} * {{c3::Stroke Volume}}
Published	09/19/2023	{{c1::Mean Arterial Pressure}} - {{c2::Central Venous Pressure}} = {{c3::Cardiac Output}} * {{c4::Systemic Vascular Resistance}}
Published	09/19/2023	{{c1::ΔP}} = {{c2::Flow (Q)}} * {{c3::Resistance (R)}}
Published	09/19/2023	The blood pressure equation is most analogous to {{c1::Ohm's law}}
Published	09/19/2023	Arteries have {{c1::higher}} pressure and {{c1::low}} compliance (volume)
Published	09/19/2023	Veins have {{c1::lower}} pressure and {{c1::high}} compliance (volume)
Published	09/19/2023	The three layers of the vessels are{{c1::Intima}}: endothelial{{c2::Media}}: smooth muscle{{c3::Adventitia}}: connective tissue, vaso vasorum
Published	09/19/2023	{{c1::Stroke Volume}} = {{c2::Left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV)}} - {{c3::Left ventricular end systolic volume (LVESV)}}
Published	09/19/2023	{{c1::Ejection Fraction}} = {{c2::Stroke Volume}}/{{c3::LVEDV}}
Published	09/19/2023	{{c1::Endothelial}} factors lead to {{c2::vasoconstriction}} of {{c3::smooth muscle}}
Published	09/19/2023	Veins might require {{c1::manual pressure}} to perform {{c2::hemostasis}}
Published	09/20/2023	3c8dd1d0504e472d8a42c5f2c5c10453-ao-1
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Published	09/20/2023	3c8dd1d0504e472d8a42c5f2c5c10453-ao-21
Published	09/19/2023	The neurotransmitter released by the {{c2::preganglionic neuron}} of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system is {{c1::acetylcholi…
Published	09/19/2023	Most postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system release {{c1::catecholamines}} (Eg. {{c2::adrenaline}} and {{c2::noradren…
Published	09/19/2023	A few postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system release {{c1::acetylcholine}}, which bind to {{c2::muscarinic receptors}}
Published	09/19/2023	alpha-1 receptors affect:{{c1::walls}} of blood vessels{{c2::urinary}} retention{{c3::mydriasis}}{{c4::ejaculation}}
Published	09/19/2023	alpha-2 receptor effect:{{c1::decrease}} effect of sympathetic nervous system
Published	09/19/2023	Beta-1 receptors are responsible for:Increased {{c1::heart rate}} and {{c1::contractility}}Release of {{c2::renin}}
Published	09/19/2023	Beta-2 receptors are responsible for:Secretion of {{c1::aqueous humor}}More {{c2::glucose}}Release of {{c3::glucagon}}{{c4::Bronchodila…
Published	09/19/2023	Postganglionic parasympathetic neurons release {{c1::acetylcholine}} which binds to {{c2::muscarinic receptors}}
Published	09/19/2023	{{c1::Nicotinic::nicotinic/muscarinic}} receptors are {{c2::ligand-gated ion channels}} while {{c1::muscarinic::nicotinic/muscarinic}} recep…
Published	09/19/2023	b48c8845b831408f96be9136ec9a24be-ao-1
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Published	09/20/2023	b48c8845b831408f96be9136ec9a24be-ao-5
Published	09/19/2023	b48c8845b831408f96be9136ec9a24be-ao-6
Published	09/20/2023	b48c8845b831408f96be9136ec9a24be-ao-7
Published	09/20/2023	b48c8845b831408f96be9136ec9a24be-ao-8
Published	09/20/2023	b48c8845b831408f96be9136ec9a24be-ao-9
Published	09/20/2023	b48c8845b831408f96be9136ec9a24be-ao-10
Published	09/20/2023	b48c8845b831408f96be9136ec9a24be-ao-11
Published	09/20/2023	b48c8845b831408f96be9136ec9a24be-ao-12
Published	09/20/2023	b48c8845b831408f96be9136ec9a24be-ao-13
Published	09/20/2023	b48c8845b831408f96be9136ec9a24be-ao-14
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Published	09/20/2023	b48c8845b831408f96be9136ec9a24be-ao-16
Published	09/20/2023	Sympathetic nervous system agonists include:{{c1::Direct}} agonists: {{c2::alpha}} and {{c3::beta}} agonists (can be {{c4::non-selectiv…
Published	09/20/2023	Sympathetic Nervous System Antagonists:{{c1::Presynaptic}} adrenergic antagonist: {{c3::Central}} and {{c3::peripheral}}{{c1::Postsynaptic}} adre…
Published	09/19/2023	Parasympathetic Agonists:{{c1::Direct}} cholinomimetic: mimics {{c2::acetylcholine}}{{c1::Indirect}} cholinomimetic: {{c3::anticholinesteras…
Published	09/19/2023	Parasympathetic Antagonists:{{c1::Muscarinic}} antagonist: inhibits effect of {{c2::acetylcholine}}
Published	09/20/2023	Low {{c1::blood vessel resistance}} leads to less {{c2::perfusion}} (less time for O2 exchange)
Published	09/19/2023	The types of shock are:{{c1::hypovolemic}}{{c2::cardiogenic}}{{c3::obstructive}}{{c4::distributive}}
Published	09/20/2023	6916e16cfe4446abad76a3b28ab74ca3-ao-1
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Published	09/20/2023	6916e16cfe4446abad76a3b28ab74ca3-ao-4
Published	09/20/2023	6916e16cfe4446abad76a3b28ab74ca3-ao-5
Published	09/20/2023	6916e16cfe4446abad76a3b28ab74ca3-ao-6
Published	09/20/2023	6916e16cfe4446abad76a3b28ab74ca3-ao-7
Published	09/20/2023	6916e16cfe4446abad76a3b28ab74ca3-ao-8
Published	09/19/2023	Distributive resistance includes {{c1::septic}} and {{c1::anaphylactic}} shock
Published	09/19/2023	{{c1::MVO2}} is the measure of {{c2::leftover oxygen}}
Published	09/19/2023	During the adhesion step, von willebrand's factor binds to the {{c1::Gp1b}} receptor on platelets
Published	09/19/2023	During the activation step, {{c1::ADP}} and {{c1::TXA2}} is released which activates {{c2::platelets}} in the periphery and leads to gr…
Published	09/19/2023	The extrinsic pathway of secondary hemostasis:Cleavage of {{c1::III}} --> combines with cleaved {{c2::VII}} --> cleaves {{c3::X}}…
Published	09/19/2023	Common pathway of secondary hemostasis:Cleavage of {{c1::X}} and {{c1::V}} --> cleavage of {{c2::II}} --> cleavage of {{c3::…
Published	09/20/2023	f3165c0a39fe461c8dfe0742d325b1a4-ao-1
Published	09/20/2023	f3165c0a39fe461c8dfe0742d325b1a4-ao-2
Published	09/20/2023	f3165c0a39fe461c8dfe0742d325b1a4-ao-3
Published	09/20/2023	f3165c0a39fe461c8dfe0742d325b1a4-ao-4
Published	09/20/2023	Factor {{c1::IIa}} (thrombin) activates platelets and the factors {{c2::V}}, {{c2::VIII}}, and {{c2::XIII}}
Published	09/19/2023	Factors {{c1::Xa}} and {{c1::Va}} combine to form the {{c2::prothrombinase}} complex, which cleaves factor {{c3::II}} to its active for…
Published	09/20/2023	When excess thrombin binds to {{c3::thrombomodulin}}, it complexes with proteins {{c1::C}} and {{c1::S}}, inhibiting complexes {{c2::V}…
Published	09/20/2023	Antithrombin binds to {{c1::thrombin}} and {{c1::X}} and inhibits factors {{c2::II}}, {{c2::IX}}, {{c2::X}}, {{c2::XI}}, and&…
Published	09/19/2023	Clot retraction:The platelet {{c1::lamellipodia}} contract and brinds the edges of wound closerHappens by activation of integrin {{c2::aIIbB…
Published	09/20/2023	Fibrinolysis occurs when {{c1::plasminogen}} is converted to {{c1::plasmin}} via the {{c2::tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)}}
Published	09/19/2023	Heparin mechanism of action: potentiation of {{c1::antithrombin III}}
Published	09/19/2023	{{c2::Warfarin}} MOA: inhibits {{c1::vitamin K epoxide reductase}}
Published	09/19/2023	Rivaroxaban, apixaban, edoxaban MOA: inhibits factor {{c1::Xa}}
Published	09/19/2023	Dabigatran and bivalirudin MOA: direct {{c1::thrombin (factor IIa)}} inhibitor
Published	09/20/2023	Another word for {{c1::adrenergic agonists}} is {{c2::"pressors"}}
Published	09/20/2023	7f842d1cf5d64a5ba7724b3c7e669839-ao-1
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Published	09/20/2023	cc7375fa7f404438b13d7328095b3727-oa-1
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Published	09/20/2023	caec7c17dc1f41129341dbf945bf10f4-oa-1
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Published	09/20/2023	ef196dca9b954cb3bf2112f0b7b93114-oa-1
Published	09/20/2023	ef196dca9b954cb3bf2112f0b7b93114-oa-2
Published	09/20/2023	ef196dca9b954cb3bf2112f0b7b93114-oa-3
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Published	09/20/2023	dad8ffd26e334396826007fc8a5d3c83-oa-1
Published	09/20/2023	dad8ffd26e334396826007fc8a5d3c83-oa-2
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Published	09/20/2023	dad8ffd26e334396826007fc8a5d3c83-oa-4
Published	09/20/2023	{{c1::Distributive}} shock is characterized by {{c2::decreased}} systemic vascular reflex
Published	09/20/2023	{{c1::Septic}} shock is a large {{c2::inflammatory}} response that leads to vasodilation and capillary leak.Characterized by {{c3::hypo}}ten…
Published	09/20/2023	{{c1::Anaphylactic}} shock is a large {{c2::histamine}} release that leads to vasodilation and capillary leak.Characterized by {{c3::hypo}}t…
Published	09/20/2023	{{c1::Neurogenic}} shock is a loss of {{c2::sympathetic tone}} due to damaged {{c4::autonomic}} pathways in the spinal cord. Characterized b…
Published	09/20/2023	3 functions of nephron:{{c1::Excreting}} waste{{c2::Reclaiming}} filtered fluid/solutes{{c3::Fine-tuning}} the filtrate
Published	09/20/2023	f4c214a4bb204774a3f42a620c6999e4-ao-1
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Published	09/20/2023	f4c214a4bb204774a3f42a620c6999e4-ao-5
Published	09/20/2023	f4c214a4bb204774a3f42a620c6999e4-ao-6
Published	09/20/2023	342a3dc73e4244bc93f4610731de57f6-ao-1
Published	09/20/2023	342a3dc73e4244bc93f4610731de57f6-ao-2
Published	09/20/2023	342a3dc73e4244bc93f4610731de57f6-ao-3
Published	09/20/2023	342a3dc73e4244bc93f4610731de57f6-ao-4
Published	09/20/2023	342a3dc73e4244bc93f4610731de57f6-ao-5
Published	09/20/2023	342a3dc73e4244bc93f4610731de57f6-ao-6
Published	09/20/2023	50c17de8b3934d469089cb0386573195-ao-1
Published	09/20/2023	50c17de8b3934d469089cb0386573195-ao-2
Published	09/20/2023	50c17de8b3934d469089cb0386573195-ao-3
Published	09/20/2023	The glomerular filtration barrier selectively filters molecules based on:{{c1::Size}}{{c2::Charge}}{{c3::Transcapillary pressure}}
Published	09/20/2023	{{c1::Negatively}} charged molecules don't filter well bc the filtration barrier is {{c1::negatively}} charged
Published	09/20/2023	721204d115cd454f9b0bf21cd71c7c10-ao-1
Published	09/20/2023	721204d115cd454f9b0bf21cd71c7c10-ao-2
Published	09/20/2023	721204d115cd454f9b0bf21cd71c7c10-ao-3
Published	09/20/2023	4275236d17e7425ca85334a2f192f8fc-ao-1
Published	09/20/2023	4275236d17e7425ca85334a2f192f8fc-ao-2
Published	09/20/2023	bdb1cf97edea4d1c9aef735ea527b695-ao-1
Published	09/20/2023	The {{c1::Na/K ATPase}} in the PCT generates an {{c2::electrochemical}} gradient for solute transport
Published	09/20/2023	Answer: {{c1::Increase}}
Published	09/20/2023	Answer: {{c1::Yes}}
Published	09/20/2023	The {{c1::descending}} loop of Henle primarily is responsible for reabsorption of {{c2::water}}
Published	09/20/2023	0ad880255ea145388adb9b3c8829261b-ao-1
Published	09/20/2023	0ad880255ea145388adb9b3c8829261b-ao-2
Published	09/20/2023	0ad880255ea145388adb9b3c8829261b-ao-3
Published	09/27/2023	{{c1::Loop diuretics}} reduce {{c2::sodium}} reabsorption, which leads to elimination of {{c3::water}}. Useful in cases of {{c4::fluid …
Published	09/20/2023	5a0413a72d744b9bb23dc03ebe969c3b-ao-1
Published	09/20/2023	5a0413a72d744b9bb23dc03ebe969c3b-ao-2
Published	09/20/2023	{{c1::Thiazides}} inhibit the {{c2::NaCl cotransporter}}
Published	09/20/2023	9360d12ab32049a39bbb43381af5fb83-ao-1
Published	09/20/2023	9360d12ab32049a39bbb43381af5fb83-ao-2
Published	09/20/2023	9360d12ab32049a39bbb43381af5fb83-ao-3
Published	09/20/2023	{{c1::Aldosterone}} binds to {{c2::mineralocorticoid}} receptors, which increase {{c3::Na+}} reabsorption. This leads to greater {{c4::…
Published	09/20/2023	{{c1::Hyper}}aldosteronism is associated with {{c2::hypo}}kalemia
Published	09/24/2023	A rise in {{c2::plasma osmolality}} triggers {{c1::ADH}} release. This acts on its receptor to phosphorylate {{c3::aquaporin-2}} and lead to&nbsp…
Published	09/20/2023	Answer: {{c1::B}}
Published	09/20/2023	Answer: {{c1::Polyuria}}
Published	09/20/2023	Steps of fetal heart development{{c1::Primary heart field}} --> {{c2::paired endocardial heart tubes form}} --> {{c3::body folding}} -…
Published	09/20/2023	e243ce51922f4c8eb9f31c4ca940bd33-ao-1
Published	09/20/2023	e243ce51922f4c8eb9f31c4ca940bd33-ao-2
Published	09/20/2023	e243ce51922f4c8eb9f31c4ca940bd33-ao-3
Published	09/20/2023	e243ce51922f4c8eb9f31c4ca940bd33-ao-4
Published	09/20/2023	e243ce51922f4c8eb9f31c4ca940bd33-ao-5
Published	09/20/2023	e243ce51922f4c8eb9f31c4ca940bd33-ao-6
Published	09/20/2023	e243ce51922f4c8eb9f31c4ca940bd33-ao-7
Published	09/20/2023	e243ce51922f4c8eb9f31c4ca940bd33-ao-8
Published	09/20/2023	The heart normally loops to the {{c1::right (dextro)}}. This is also known as a "{{c2::D-loop}}"
Published	09/20/2023	25f24d6c06164c96b9ff2ce2e23dc17b-ao-1
Published	09/20/2023	25f24d6c06164c96b9ff2ce2e23dc17b-ao-2
Published	09/20/2023	25f24d6c06164c96b9ff2ce2e23dc17b-ao-3
Published	09/20/2023	25f24d6c06164c96b9ff2ce2e23dc17b-ao-4
Published	09/27/2023	25f24d6c06164c96b9ff2ce2e23dc17b-ao-5
Published	09/20/2023	With an L-loop, the {{c1::LV}} is on the {{c2::right side}} of the circulation
Published	09/20/2023	The {{c1::endocardial cushions}} end up forming the {{c2::tricuspid and mitral valves}}, which help completing {{c3::septation}}
Published	09/20/2023	afdc6549a1a746c3b4bd4734587d7934-ao-1
Published	09/20/2023	afdc6549a1a746c3b4bd4734587d7934-ao-2
Published	09/20/2023	afdc6549a1a746c3b4bd4734587d7934-ao-3
Published	09/20/2023	afdc6549a1a746c3b4bd4734587d7934-ao-4
Published	09/20/2023	afdc6549a1a746c3b4bd4734587d7934-ao-5
Published	09/20/2023	Abnormal blood flow between left and right heart structures is known as a {{c1::shunt}}
Published	09/20/2023	In an atrial septal defect, the blood sometimes flows from the {{c1::left}} atrium to the {{c1::right}} atrium
Published	09/20/2023	9abd0da3346f46818c01e23dbf476908-ao-1
Published	09/20/2023	9abd0da3346f46818c01e23dbf476908-ao-2
Published	09/20/2023	fda454d88df5491a9df822089c565237-ao-1
Published	09/20/2023	Physiological Events After Birth:Drive to breathe with cord interruption{{c1::Decreased}} pulmonary vascular resistance{{c2::Increased}} pulmonary blo…
Published	09/20/2023	The atrial septum is closed by these 2 structures:{{c1::septum primum}} and {{c1::septum secundum}}
Published	09/20/2023	The {{c1::interventricular}} septum is closed by these 2 structures: {{c2::muscular}} and {{c2::membranous ventricular septum}}
Published	09/20/2023	These structures appear within the {{c1::atrioventricular canal}} and are responsible for development of the {{c2::mitral}} and {{c2::tricuspid valves…
Published	09/20/2023	3158294463b6493d898b71120e070d1e-oa-1
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Published	09/20/2023	3158294463b6493d898b71120e070d1e-oa-6
Status	Last Update	Fields