Notes in Anatomy

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	08/28/2024	What are the contents of the optic canal?{{c1::CN II, Ophthalmic Artery, Central Retinal Vein}}
Published	08/28/2024	Which cranial nerves travel through the Superior Orbital Fissure?{{c1::CN III, IV, V1 and VI}}
Published	08/28/2024	Which blood vessel courses through the superior orbital fissure?{{c1::(Superior) ophthalmic vein}}
Published	08/28/2024	What structures pass through the inferior orbital fissure?{{c1::V2, inferior ophthalmic vein}}
Published	08/28/2024	The function of the eyelids is to {{c1::protect and lubricate eyes}}
Published	08/28/2024	The eyelid skin is very thin with no subcutaneous fat; instead, the skin is supported by a {{c1::tarsal plate}}
Published	08/28/2024	The {{c1::tarsal plate}} is a fibrous layer that {{c2::gives lids shape, strength, and place for muscles to attach}}
Published	08/28/2024	Underneath and within the {{c3::tarsal plate}} are the {{c1::meibomian glands}}, which function to {{c2::secrete oil into tear film to prevent tears f…
Published	08/28/2024	Meibomian gland inflammation = {{c1::chalazion}}. Treatment is {{c2::excision}}
Published	08/28/2024	Differences between chalazion and stye?{{c1::Chalazion: inflammation of meibomian gland; not painfulStyle: inflammation of sebaceous gland or eyelash …
Published	08/28/2024	The muscle that functions to open the eye is the {{c1::levator palpebrae}} that is innervated by {{c2::CN3}}
Published	08/28/2024	The muscle that functions to close the eye is the {{c1::orbicularis oculi}} that is innervated by {{c2::CN7}}
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Published	08/28/2024	The conjunctiva starts at the limbus and flows back behind the eye, loops forward, and forms the inside surface of the eyelids. The continuity of this…
Published	08/28/2024	The majority of tears are produced by {{c1::accessory tear glands}} located in {{c2::the eyelid and conjunctiva }}
Published	08/28/2024	The {{c2::lacrimal gland}} fnction is {{c1::reflexive tearing}}
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Published	08/28/2024	In 2-5% of newborns, the tear drainage system in the nose isn't patent at birth, leading to {{c1::excessive tearing}}. Treatment is {{c2::usually noth…
Published	08/28/2024	In which quadrant of the nose are you worried for lid lacerations? {{c1::Nasal: Canalicular tear-drainage pathway be affected, so you may need to…
Published	08/28/2024	The {{c1::sclera}} is a white, fibrous collagenous structure that is continuous with the cornea anteriorly and makes up the outer wall of the eye&nbsp…
Published	08/28/2024	Why is the cornea clear and the sclera is white?{{c1::Cornea is relatively dehydrated}}
Published	08/28/2024	The three chambers of the eye are the {{c1::anterior}}, {{c2::posterior}}, and {{c3::vitreous}}
Published	08/28/2024	The vitreous is normally a gel-like consistency, but as we age and with degenerative conditions areas of the vitreous can liquefy, leading to {{c1::vi…
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Published	08/28/2024	While {{c1::epithelial}} injuries to the cornea are painful, the layer heals quickly and typically does not scar
Published	08/28/2024	Scarring of the cornea can occur if the {{c1::stroma}} is damaged
Published	08/28/2024	The inner endothelium of the cornea is {{c1::1 cell layer}} thick and functions to {{c2::keep cornea dehydrated }}. The cell count is important b…
Published	08/28/2024	When the corneal endothelium gets damaged enough and loses enough cells, the cornea {{c1::swells with water}}, possibly necessitating {{c2::a cor…
Published	08/28/2024	The uvea consists of the {{c1::iris}}, {{c2::ciliary body}}, and {{c3::choroid plexus}}
Published	08/28/2024	The iris is the colored part of the eye that functions primarily to {{c1::control amount of light hitting the retina }}
Published	08/28/2024	Sympathetic stimulation of the pupil leads to pupil {{c1::dilation}} and parasympathetic stimulation leads to pupil {{c::constriction}}.
Published	08/28/2024	The inner iris flows back and becomes the {{c1::ciliary body}}
Published	08/28/2024	The 2 functions if the ciliary body are to {{c1::produce aqueous fluid}} and {{c2::control lens shape for near vs far vision }}
Published	08/28/2024	The {{c1::choroid}} is a bed of blood vessels under the retina that supplies nutrition to the {{c2::outer 1/3 of the retina (including rods and cones)…
Published	08/28/2024	The lens gets nourishment from {{c1::aqeous fluid }} and is innervated by {{c2::nothing}}
Published	08/28/2024	The lens is {{c1::35}}% protein, the highest concentration of any tissue in the body
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Published	08/28/2024	The lens capsule is held in place by suspensory ligaments called {{c1::zonules}} that connect to the {{c2::ciliary body }}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Contraction}} of ciliary muscle causes zonules to {{c1::relax}}, causing the lens to become {{c3::rounder}} allowing for {{c4::near vision …
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Relaxation}} of ciliary muscle causes zonules to {{c1::contract}}, causing the lens to become {{c3::flatter}} allowing for {{c4::far vision&nbsp…
Published	08/28/2024	The {{c1::macula}} is the pigmented area of the retina that is responsible for {{c3::central vision}}, and within it is the {{c2::fovea}} which is inv…
Published	08/28/2024	The fovea is thin and derives all its nutrition from the {{c1::choroid}}
Published	08/28/2024	The optic disk is the entry and exit point of the eye. The following structures pass through it:{{c1::Central retinal arteryCentral retinal veinGangli…
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Published	08/28/2024	The thinnest area in the orbit is a part of the {{c1::ethmoid}} bone called the {{c2::lamina papyracea}}. Sinus infections can erode through this “pap…
Published	08/28/2024	In blunt trauma, the most commonly broken orbital bone is the {{c1::maxillary bone}}. The orbital contents can then herniate to the {{c1::maxillary si…
Published	08/28/2024	Which muscles are controlled by CN 3?{{c1::Superior, middle, inferior rectus and inferior oblique}}
Published	08/28/2024	Which muscles are controlled by CN 6?{{c1::Lateral rectus}}
Published	08/28/2024	Which muscles are controlled by CN 4?{{c1::Superior oblique}}
Published	08/28/2024	While the outer 1/3 of the retina gets its blood supply from the {{c1::choroid}}, the inner 2/3 gets it's nutrition from {{c2::retinal vessels }}
Published	08/28/2024	All muscles of the eye originate from the {{c1::posterior orbit}} except for the {{c2::inferior oblique}} which originates from {{c3::orbital floor&nb…
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Published	08/28/2024	There are two types of conjunctiva:1. {{c1::Palpebral}}: {{c2::covers eyelid internal surface}}2. {{c3::Bulbar}}: {{c4::covers sclera and cornea …
Published	08/28/2024	The palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva meet at {{c1::the superior and inferior fornices}}
Published	08/28/2024	A medial fold of {{c2::conjunctiva}} near the lacrimal lake is called the {{c1::plica semilunaris}}
Published	08/28/2024	2c214533a9ac406ebc57f99669b40a7f-oa-1
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Published	08/28/2024	The innervation of the lacrimal gland is {{c1::CN7}} and is (para/sympathetic) {{c2::parasympathetic}}
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Published	08/28/2024	The {{c1::fascial sheath = bulbar sheath = Tenon's capsule}} envelops the eyeball from the optic nerve to the corneoscleral junction, forming the sock…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Check ligaments}} are expansions of the fascial sheath at the medial and lateral rectus muscles that blend in with the fascia of inferior rectus…
Published	08/28/2024	The angle difference between the orbital and optical axis is {{c1::23 degrees}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Elevation}} of the eye ball is done by {{c1::superior rectus and inferior oblique }}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Depression}} of the eye ball is done by {{c1::inferior rectus and superior oblique }}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Abduction}} of the eye ball is done by {{c1::lateral rectus, inferior oblique, and superior oblique}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Adduction}} of the eyeball is done by {{c1::medial rectus, inferior rectus, and superior rectus muscles}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Lateral rotation}} of the eye is caused by {{c1::inferior oblique and inferior rectus }}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c2::Medial rotation}} of the eye is caused by {{c1::superior oblique and superior rectus }}
Published	08/28/2024	The structures carried by the infraorbital groove are {{c1::the infraorbital vessels and nerve (from maxillary nerve, V2) }}
Published	08/28/2024	The main blood supply to the orbit is the {{c1::ophthalmic artery}}, which comes from the {{c2::internal carotid cartery }}
Published	08/28/2024	The veins of the orbit drain into either the {{c1::superior or inferior ophthalmic veins}}
Published	08/28/2024	Inferior ophthalmic vein drains into {{c1::superior ophthalmic vein and pterygoid venous plexus}}. Superior ophthalmic vein drains into {{c2::cavernou…
Published	08/28/2024	The retina consists of two layers: {{c1::outer pigmented and inner neural layers}}
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Published	08/28/2024	Optic disk is always {{c1::medial}}, fovea/macula is always {{c1::lateral}}
Published	08/28/2024	The blood supply of the uvea comes from {{c1::branches of the ophthalmic artery that do not enter the optic nerve }}
Published	08/28/2024	The {{c1::lamina cribrosa}} is the perforated continuation of the {{c2::scleral wall}} that allows passage of the ganglion cell axons/central retinal …
Published	08/28/2024	The layers of the tear film from anterior to posterior are {{c1::superficial lipid layer, watery layer, and mucus}}
Published	08/28/2024	The oily layer of the tear film is produced by {{c1::meibomian glands}}
Published	08/28/2024	The most common cause of dry eye disease is {{c1::meibomian gland dysfunction}}
Published	08/28/2024	The corneal reflex arc:Afferent: {{c1::CN 5 (V1, ophthalmic) to spinal nucleus of CN5}}Efferent: {{c2::CN 7 to orbicularis oculi }}
Published	08/28/2024	The mucous layer of the tear film is produced by {{c1::goblet cells}} which make up 5-20% of the {{c2::conjunctiva}}
Published	08/28/2024	The mechanism of loss of vision from vitamin A deficiency is {{c1::dessication of the cornea due to dryness OR from decreased function of rods (vitA n…
Published	08/28/2024	Vitamin A deficiency causes dysfunction of conjunctival epithelial cells due to {{c1::keratinization}}
Published	08/28/2024	The diagnosis of dry eye disease is made with {{c1::fluorescein staining of corneal epithelial cells and illuminated with cobalt blue light. }}
Published	08/28/2024	Tear breakup time (TBUT) is used to diagnose dry eye disease and is where {{c1::fluorescein placed in eye breaks up before 10 seconds in DED}}
Published	08/28/2024	Schirmer test is used to diagnose dry eye disease and is where {{c1::you track tears on moist paper; <10mm of moist paper in 5 mins is diagnostic&n…
Published	08/28/2024	Treatment of dry eye disease includes:{{c1::1. Artificial tears in day, ointment at night2. Room humidifiers3. Oral flaxseed oil (increases meibomian …
Published	08/28/2024	Rarely, the canaliculus of the lacrimal drainage system can be obstructed due to what infection?{{c1::Actinomyces israelii}}
Published	08/28/2024	The distal opening of the nasolacrimal duct into the inferior meatus is called the {{c1::valve of Hasner}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Dacryocystitis}} is infection of the {{c2::lacrimal sac}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Septum}} is a layer of connective tissue that runs from {{c2::tarsal plate to surrounding orbital rim }}
Published	08/28/2024	How do you differentiate veins from arteries in fundus exam?{{c1::Veins are bigger and darker}}
Published	08/28/2024	The extraocular insertion distances into the sclera form the {{c1::Spiral of Tillaux}}
Published	08/28/2024	2729f2d725b94c7ab41abda307633cba-oa-1
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Published	08/28/2024	Al of the orbital muscles except inferior oblique attach at the {{c1::Annulus of Zinn}}, a circular tissue at the orbital apex
Published	08/28/2024	If I were to touch the white of your eye, what is the layers from superficial to deep?{{c1::1. Conjunctiva2. Tenons capsule3. Episclera4. Sclera}}
Published	08/28/2024	Damage to the ciliary ganglion causes {{c1::Adie's pupil}}
Published	08/28/2024	The length of the eye is {{c1::24}}mm
Published	08/28/2024	The total volume of the eye is {{c1::6cc}}
Published	08/28/2024	The vitreous gel makes up {{c1::4cc}} of total volume, while anterior chamber makes up {{c2::0.3cc}}
Published	08/28/2024	The total volume of the orbit is about {{c1::30cc}}
Published	08/28/2024	What type of collagen makes up sclera?{{c1::Type 2}}
Published	08/28/2024	What type of collagen makes up cornea?{{c1::Type 2}}
Published	08/28/2024	The anterior lens capsule is made up of what collegen type?{{c1::Type 4}}
Published	08/28/2024	Descemet's membrane is made up of what collagen type?{{c1::Type 4}}
Published	08/28/2024	The retina terminates at the {{c1::ora serrata}}
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Whitnall's ligament}} has the function of {{c2::assisting the levator muscle in raising the upper eyelid}}
Published	08/28/2024	The function of vitreous is {{c1::shape maintenence and allowing clear medium through which light can pass}}
Published	08/28/2024	The two muscles found in the iris are {{c1::pupillary sphincter}} and {{c2::pupillary dilator muscles}}
Published	08/28/2024	The term kerato- refers to {{c1::cornea}}
Published	08/28/2024	The {{c1::anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries}} pass through the {{c2::anterior and posterior ethmoidal foramina}} which are found on the {{c3::…
Published	08/28/2024	THe function of the the {{c2::infraorbital nerve}} is to carry sensation from {{c1::lower eyelid, cheek, upper lip, upper teeth, and gingiva }}
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Published	08/28/2024	The {{c2::zygomaticofacial and zygomatigotemporal}} canals contain the {{c1::zygomatic nerve}}
Published	08/28/2024	The optic canal is located within the {{c1::lesser wing of the sphenoid}} bone
Published	08/28/2024	The intraorbital portion of the optic nerve is approximately {{c1::30mm}} long
Published	08/28/2024	Bones that make up the medial wall:{{c1::frontal process of maxillary, lacrimal, ethmoid, lesser wing sphenoid }}
Published	08/28/2024	Bones that make up the lateral wall:{{c1::Greater wing sphenoid, zygomatic }}
Published	08/28/2024	Bones that make up the roof/superior wall:{{c1::Frontal, lesser wing sphenoid}}
Published	08/28/2024	Bones that make up the floor/interior wall:{{c1::Zygomatic, maxillary, palatine}}
Published	08/28/2024	The lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid bone are separated by {{c1::superior orbital fissure}}
Published	08/28/2024	The length of the optic canal is {{c1::8-10mm}}
Published	08/28/2024	Dimensions of the orbit:Volume: {{c1::30 cm^3}}Height: {{c2::35mm}}Depth: {{c3::40-45mm}}Distance from posterior globe to optic canal: {{c4::18mm}}
Published	08/28/2024	The analog of Whitnall's ligament (upper eyelid) in the lower eyelid is {{c1::Lockwood ligament}}
Published	08/28/2024	The primary vascular supply of the eyelids are{{c1::1. Internal caratic by way of ophthalmic artery branches (supraorbital and lacrimal)2. External ca…
Published	08/28/2024	Venous drainage of the eyelids are:1. Preseptal: {{c1::angular vein medially, superficial temporal vein laterally}}2. Postseptal: {{c2::orbital veins,…
Published	08/28/2024	The layers of the upper eyelid, from superficial to deep, are:{{c1::1. Skin2. Subcu: very thin, that's why lids can sag as we age3. Muscles: orbicular…
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