Notes in Microscopy & Staining

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Published	08/29/2023	{{c1::Histology}} is the study of tissues and organs using microscopy{{c2::light}} microscopy (LM) is most common due to practicality in clinic and re…
Published	09/09/2023	Tissue preparation steps:1. fix: preserve tissue using {{c3::formalin}}2. tissue processing: removes water from tissue→ uses {{c1::ethanol}}: replaces…
Published	09/09/2023	Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain- stains complex {{c1::carbohydrates}} {{c2::dark red::color}} or {{c2::magenta::color}}→ useful for identifying …
Published	08/30/2023	{{c1::frozen}} sections are used for much faster results*quality of slides produced are not as good as {{c8::permanent}} sections: typical {{c6::forma…
Published	08/29/2023	{{c1::bright field}} microscopy is most common form of light microscopy→ most commonly uses {{c2::H&E}} stains
Published	08/29/2023	Breast cancer/carcinoma stats- uncontrolled growth of {{c1::epithelial}} cells within breast- {{c3::second::rank}} most common cancer in women, but ca…
Published	08/29/2023	Breast anatomy- {{c1::milk}}-producing glands that sit on chest wall on either side of breast-bone- lie on top of the ribs and pectoral muscles, and t…
Published	08/29/2023	cells of breast glandular tissue- have receptors for certain hormones: → {{c3::estrogen}} and {{3::progesterone}}... released by ovaries→ {{c4::prolac…
Published	08/29/2023	breast carcinoma onset- each time cells {{c1::divide}}, there’s a chance that a genetic mutation will occur... mutation can lead to {{c2::tumor}} form…
Published	08/29/2023	breast carcinoma: genetic influence- specific mutations in {{c1::tumor suppressor}} genes: BRCA-1, BRCA-2, and TP53*normally slow down {{c2::cell divi…
Published	08/29/2023	breast carcinoma progression- cancer-causing mutation occurs → affected cell ({{c1::epithelial}} cell lining ducts or lobules) begins to grow/replicat…
Published	08/29/2023	breast cancer: hormone receptors*just like healthy alveolar cells, some breast cancer cells have {{c3::hormone}} receptors that allow them to grow in …
Published	08/29/2023	breast cancer: complications- tumor causes local {{c4::inflammation}} → damage to suspensory ligaments and lactiferous ducts → {{c5::fibrosis}}- can {…
Published	08/29/2023	breast cancer: symptoms- hard painless {{c1::lump}} or swelling, most commonly in upper and outer part of breast- swelling under the {{c4::armpit}} if…
Published	08/29/2023	breast cancer: diagnosis- usually begins by feeling a breast {{c4::lump}}- {{c1::mammography}}: an X-ray of the breasts*additional imaging using ultra…
Published	08/29/2023	breast cancer: risk determination via TNM system- T: {{c1::size}} of tumor and whether or not it has grown in {{c3::nearby areas}}→ ex: chest wall mus…
Published	08/29/2023	breast cancer: treatment- based on the type and stage of the cancer, but include surgery, {{c2::radiation}} therapy, chemotherapy, and {{c1::hormonal}…
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