Notes in Pathophysiological Basis of Disease

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Published	09/03/2024	The {{c1::Hallmarks of cancer}} are the 8 properties in the process of overcoming roadblocks to turn from a normal cell to becoming a clinically …
Published	09/03/2024	what are the 8 hallmarks of cancer:{{c1::- pro-growth signal (must be able to drive its OWN proliferation)- evasion of anti-growth signals (sent by bo…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Proto-oncogenes}} are genes that have normal functions in the cell, often in the promotion of {{c2::cell proliferation}}. When they are inapprop…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Tumor suppressors}} are genes that protect against neoplasia, often by i{{c2::nhibiting cell proliferation.}} When a tumor suppressor gene is in…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Neoplasia}} is the uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells and may be benign or malignant.
Published	09/03/2024	The {{c1::activation of an oncogene/inactivation of a tumor suppressor}} causes a cell to acquire one or more of the hallmarks of cancer.
Published	09/03/2024	Mutations in cancer are most often {{c1::somatic mutations}} which occur in a person's lifetime and are not inherited from their parents.
Published	09/03/2024	All clinically relevant cancers are the product of multiple {{c1::mutagenic changes }}. the activation of a single oncogene/inactivation of a sin…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Oncogenesis}} is very much like evolution bc the needed mutation accumulates over generations in its descendants with {{c2::advantages over the …
Published	09/03/2024	All cancers have {{c1::reduced DNA repair capacity}}!
Published	09/03/2024	3 effects of reduced DNA repair capacity:{{c1::- increased rate of mutagenesis- increased rate of acquisition of activation of oncogenes/inactivation …
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Benign tumors}} are not considered cancer because they do not invade surrounding tissues or metastasize
Published	09/03/2024	explain the connections in this diagram:{{c1::- cell death especially when unregulated can lead to inflammation; chronic inflmmation can promote cell …
Published	09/03/2024	Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma: {{c1::- large facial tumors- associated with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) infection and malaria- region: tropical Africa an…
Published	09/03/2024	Sporadic Burkitt Lymphoma:{{c1::- presentation w/ abdominal tumor- panglobal (across entire world)}}
Published	09/03/2024	Immunodeficiency-Associated Burkitt Lymphoma:{{c1::- lymph node and bone marrow tumors- HIV associated- global distribution}}
Published	09/03/2024	all forms of burkitt lymphoma are more common in {{c1::males }} with endemic BL being more common in {{c2::young children}}
Published	09/03/2024	Endemic BL global distribution matches {{c1::malaria}} distribution.
Published	09/03/2024	The 3 Burkitt lymphomas are grouped together bc they are all derived from {{c1::B-cells}} --> similar histology and oncogenesis
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::B-cells}} are WBCs that play a role in the adaptive immune system by creating a diverse set of antibodies
Published	09/03/2024	explain the this histology slide:{{c1::starry sky appearance is due to macrophages (bright stars) that are engulfing the enormous number of apoptotic …
Published	09/03/2024	Genetic hallmark of Burkitt lymphoma: The chromosomal translocation between {{c1::Chr14 and Chr 8}} results in the {{c2::Myc gene}} to be put under th…
Published	09/03/2024	what is the role of EBV and malaria in the etiology of endemic burkitt lymphoma:{{c1::- repeated malaria infections dysregulate recombination events c…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c1::Viral}} origins of cancer are not the norm.
Published	09/03/2024	3 categories of lung cancer and description:{{c1::- small cell lung cancer: 15% of cases, derived from neuroendocrine cells- squamous non small cell l…
Published	09/03/2024	all forms of lung cancer are more common in the presence of {{c1::carcinogens}}
Published	09/03/2024	3 notable sources of carcinogens are {{c1::SMOKING, air pollution, radon gas}}
Published	09/03/2024	the {{c1::EGFR gene}} is a common oncogene activated in {{c2::lung}} cancers and it encodes the epidermal growth factor receptor
Published	09/03/2024	mutations activating the EGFR gene are more common in x4 {{c1::females, Asian descent, never smoked, or + for adenocarcinomas}}.
Published	09/03/2024	Many oncogenes encode for {{c1::receptors or their associated signal transduction pathways}} (like EGFR). When mutated/overexpressed, it can lead to u…
Published	09/03/2024	When targeted therapy inhibits a {{c1::protein kinase}}, it prevents the downstream phosphorylation or activation of pathways.
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