Notes in 02_Chronic Ventilatory Failure and Hypoxaemia

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Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Chronic Ventilatory Failure}} is {{c2::a condition that involves dysfunctional gas exchange (i.e. oxygen and carbon dioxide) leading to chronica…
Published	02/10/2024	Presentation of {{c2::Chronic Ventilatory Failure}} {{c1::Breathlessness}} {{c1::Orthopnoea (breathlessness when lying flat)}} {{c1::Ankle oedema}} {{…
Published	02/10/2024	Signs of Chronic Ventilatory Failure {{c1::High PaCO2 > 6.0 kPa}} {{c1::Low PaO2 < 8 kPa}} {{c1::Normal blood pH}} {{c1::Elevated bicarbonate (H…
Published	02/10/2024	Causes of Chronic Ventilatory Failure {{c1::Airways disease (e.g. COPD, Bronchiectasis)}} {{c1::Chest wall abnormalities (e.g. Kyphoscoliosis)}} {{c1:…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Hypoxia}} is {{c2::the situation where oxygen supply fails to meet oxygen demand in a specific compartments the body}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Hypoxaemia}} is {{c2::reduced oxygen concentration in the blood due to a reduced partial pressure of oxygen.}}
Published	02/10/2024	Presentation of {{c2::Hypoxaemia}} {{c1::Shortness of breath}} {{c1::Anxiety}} {{c1::Cough +/- wheeze}} {{c1::Cyanosis}} {{c1::Palpitations}} {{c1::Co…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Hypoxaemic hypoxia}} is {{c2::tissue hypoxia refers to a reduced oxygen concentration in the blood due to a reduced partial pressure of oxygen}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Anaemic Hypoxia}} is {{c2::tissue hypoxia caused by a lack of haemoglobin to carry oxygen in the bloodstream.}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Stagnant Hypoxia}} is {{c2::tissue hypoxia caused by a lack of blood flow globally or locally.}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Histotoxic Hypoxia}} is {{c2::tissue hypoxia caused by the inability of the tissue itself to use the oxygen carried in the blood e.g. in cyanide…
Published	02/10/2024	One or more of these mechanisms can be causing Hypoxaemia:{{c1::Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch}}{{c1::Diffusion impairment}}{{c1::Alveolar hypov…
Published	02/10/2024	Explain Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatch {{c1::This is when alveolar ventilation and blood flow are not matched, which impairs gas exchange w…
Published	02/10/2024	Explain Diffusion impairment {{c1::This is when the transport of gas across the alveolocapillary membrane is impaired.}} {{c1::This can be due to infl…
Published	02/10/2024	Explain Alveolar hypoventilation {{c1::This is when the demand of the body in terms of oxygen need and its production of carbon dioxide exceeds the ve…
Published	02/10/2024	Hypoxaemia is corrected by increasing {{c1::fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2)}}, which increases {{c2::PAO2 (alveolar)}}, thus increasing rate of gas…
Published	02/10/2024	Investigating Chronic Ventilatory Failure is by assessing three areas:{{c1::Lung function}}, {{c1::Hypoventilation}}, and {{c1::Diaphragm movemen…
Published	02/10/2024	Assessment of Lung function in Chronic Ventilatory Failure {{c1::Spirometry (assess lying and standing vital capacity)}} {{c1::Mouth pressures / …
Published	02/10/2024	Assessment of Hypoventilation in Chronic Ventilatory Failure {{c1::Early morning Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)}} {{c1::Overnight oximetry}} {{c1:…
Published	02/10/2024	Assessment of Diaphragm movement in Chronic Ventilatory Failure {{c1::Fluoroscopic screening of diaphragm}}
Published	02/10/2024	Treatment of Chronic Ventilatory Failure {{c1::Oxygen therapy}} {{c1::Domiciliary Non Invasive Ventilation (NIV)}} {{c1::Tracheostomy ventilator (t-IP…
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