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Notes in KYCOM infection and immunity: B,T, Complement

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Published 01/29/2024 Which complement deficiency is associated with increased risk for Neisseria infection?{{c1::C5b-C9 (terminal complement deficiency - membrane attack c…
Published 01/29/2024 {{c1::Decay accelerating factor (DAF)}} on the surface of blood cells protects against complement-mediated damage by inhibiting {{c2::C3 convertase::s…
Published 01/29/2024 Ig{{c2::M}}-mediated immune hemolytic anemia usually causes {{c1::intravascular}} hemolysis
Published 01/29/2024 In IgM-mediated hemolytic anemia, RBCs inactivate complement but residual C3b serves as an opsonin for splenic macrophages, resulting in {{c1::spheroc…
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of immunity includes T cells and B cells? {{c1::Adaptive immunity::innate or adaptive}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of immunity includes circulating antibodies? {{c1::Adaptive immunity::innate or adaptive}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of immunity includes macrophages and monocytes? {{c1::Innate immunity::innate or adaptive}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of immunity includes neutrophils and dendritic cells? {{c1::Innate immunity::innate or adaptive}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of immunity includes NK cells? {{c1::Innate immunity::innate or adaptive}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of immunity includes complement? {{c1::Innate immunity::innate or adaptive}}
Published 01/29/2024 Is innate immunity specific or nonspecific? {{c1::Non-specific}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of immunity occurs rapidly, over minutes to hours?{{c1::Innate immunity::innate or adaptive}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of immunity has limited diversity?{{c1::Innate immunity::innate or adaptive}}
Published 01/29/2024 Is adaptive immunity specific or nonspecific? {{c1::Highly specific}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of immunity develops over long periods?{{c1::Adaptive immunity::innate or adaptive}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of immunity has extensive diversity?{{c1::Adaptive immunity::innate or adaptive}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of immunity includes physical barriers, such as skin and mucous membranes? {{c1::Innate immunity::innate or adaptive}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of immunity includes physiologic barriers, such as temperature and pH? {{c1::Innate immunity::innate or adaptive}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of immunity includes chemical barriers, such as lysozyme and defensins? {{c1::Innate immunity::innate or adaptive}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which immunoglobulin isotypes are expressed by mature, naive B-cells?{{c1::IgM and IgD}}
Published 01/29/2024 The antigen receptors of B lymphocytes have two {{c1::heavy}} and {{c1::light}} chains (bivalent)
Published 01/29/2024 The antigen receptors of {{c2::B}} lymphocytes have a(n) {{c1::hinge}} region, which allows for flexibility
Published 01/29/2024 The signal transduction region of B lymphocytes includes a heterodimer of {{c1::Ig-α}} and {{c1::Ig-β}}
Published 01/29/2024 The {{c2::idio}}-type of an antibody is determined by the {{c1::Fab::Fc or Fab}} region
Published 01/29/2024 The {{c2::iso}}-type of an antibody is determined by the {{c1::Fc::Fc or Fab}} region 
Published 01/29/2024 The {{c1::heavy}} chain contributes to the Fab and Fc region of an antibody
Published 01/29/2024 The {{c1::light}} chain only contributes to the Fab region of an antibody
Published 01/29/2024 The mature, naive T cell expresses a single {{c1::T-cell}} receptor on its surface
Published 01/29/2024 The antigen receptors of T lymphocytes have one {{c1::α}} and {{c1::β}} chain (monovalent)
Published 01/29/2024 The signal transduction region of T lymphocytes consists of a multi-chain structure known as {{c1::CD3}}
Published 01/29/2024 Is the T-cell antigen receptor mobile or rigid?{{c1::Rigid (no hinge region)}}
Published 01/29/2024 --- Skipped for now --- {{c1:::)}}Lymphoid Cell FunctionB & T cells - Found in bloodstream, lymph nodes, spleen, submucosa, and epithelia B cells:…
Published 01/29/2024 Antigen-independent antibody diversity in {{c1::heavy}} chains is generated by {{c2::V(D)J}} gene recombination
Published 01/29/2024 V(D)J recombination in heavy chains begins with {{c1::D-J}} joining, followed by {{c2::V-D/J}} joining
Published 01/29/2024 Antigen-independent antibody diversity in {{c1::light}} chains is generated by {{c2::VJ}} gene recombination
Published 01/29/2024 The enzymes responsible for gene recombination in heavy and light chains are encoded by the genes {{c1::RAG1}} and {{c1::RAG2}}
Published 01/29/2024 Antigen-independent antibody diversity is generated via insertion of random nucleotides during V(D)J recombination by the enzyme {{c1::terminal deoxyr…
Published 01/29/2024 Antigen-{{c1::independent}} antibody diversity is generated via random combination of heavy and light chains
Published 01/29/2024 Which primary lymphoid organ is the site for immune cell production? {{c1::Bone marrow}}*bonus: whats the survival signal?
Published 01/29/2024 Which primary lymphoid organ is the site of B-cell maturation? {{c1::Bone marrow}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which primary lymphoid organ is the site of T-cell differentiation and maturation? {{c1::Thymus}}
Published 01/29/2024 The {{c1::secondary}} lymphoid organs allow immune cells to react with antigen
Published 01/29/2024 Antigens are brought into a lymph node via {{c1::afferent}} lymphatics
Published 01/29/2024 The outer cortex of a lymph node contains aggregates of cells called {{c1::follicles}}
Published 01/29/2024 Where in the lymph node do B-cells localize and proliferate? {{c1::Follicles (outer cortex)}}
Published 01/29/2024 In lymph nodes, {{c1::primary}} follicles are dense and dormant
Published 01/29/2024 In lymph nodes, {{c1::secondary}} follicles have pale, central {{c2::germinal centers}} and are active
Published 01/29/2024 The {{c1::paracortex}} is the region of a lymph node between follicles and medulla
Published 01/29/2024 Where in the lymph node do T-cells localize and proliferate? {{c1::Paracortex}}
Published 01/29/2024 The lymph node {{c2::paracortex}} contains {{c1::high endothelial venules (HEV)}}, through which T and B cells enter from the blood
Published 01/29/2024 The inner layer of lymph nodes is the {{c1::medulla}}, which consists of medullary cords and sinuses
Published 01/29/2024 Medullary sinuses within lymph nodes communicate with the {{c1::efferent}} lymphatics
Published 01/29/2024 The medullary {{c1::sinuses}} within lymph nodes contain reticular cells and macrophages
Published 01/29/2024 The medullary {{c1::cords}} within lymph nodes contain closely-packed lymphocytes and plasma cells
Published 01/29/2024 The {{c1::right lymphatic}} duct drains lymph from the right side of the body above the diaphragm
Published 01/29/2024 The {{c2::thoracic}} duct drains most lymph into the junction of the {{c1::left subclavian}} and {{c1::left internal jugular veins}}
Published 01/29/2024 The spleen is located in the LUQ of the abdomen, behind the {{c1::9th}} - {{c1::11th}} ribs
Published 01/29/2024 Within the spleen, central arterioles are surrounded by {{c1::periarterial lymphatic sheaths (PALS)}}
Published 01/29/2024 The PALS and lymphoid follicles of the spleen constitute the {{c1::white}} pulp
Published 01/29/2024 Where in the spleen are T-cells found?{{c1::Periarterial lymphatic sheath (white pulp)}}
Published 01/29/2024 Where in the spleen are B-cells found?{{c1::Follicles (white pulp)}}
Published 01/29/2024 Splenic sinusoids are long, vascular channels with fenestrated basement membranes that constitute the {{c1::red}} pulp
Published 01/29/2024 In between the red and white pulp of the spleen is the {{c1::marginal zone}}, which contains macrophages and specialized B cells
Published 01/29/2024 Where in the spleen do Splenic Macrophages capture blood-borne antigens for recognition by lymphocytes? {{c1::Marginal zone}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which immunoglobulin is decreased with splenic dysfunction? {{c1::IgM}}
Published 01/29/2024 The {{c1::thymus}} is an encapsulated lymphoid organ located in the anterosuperior mediastinum
Published 01/29/2024 The {{c1::cortex}} of the thymus is dense and comprised of {{c2::immature}} T cells
Published 01/29/2024 The {{c1::medulla}} of the thymus is pale and comprised of {{c2::mature}} T cells and Hassall corpuscles
Published 01/29/2024 {{c1::Hassall's corpuscles}} are eosinophilic areas in the thymus composed of epithelial reticular cells
Published 01/29/2024 The {{c1::progenitor}} B cell lacks cytoplasmic μ and surface IgM/IgD
Published 01/29/2024 The {{c1::precursor}} B cell is characterized by cytoplasmic μ
Published 01/29/2024 The {{c1::immature}} B cell is characterized by surface IgM, but no surface IgD
Published 01/29/2024 {{c1::Plasma}} cells are mature, differentiated B cells characterized by cytoplasmic Ig
Published 01/29/2024 {{c1::Memory B}} cells are mature, differentiated B cells characterized by surface IgG, IgA, or IgE
Published 01/29/2024 B-cells with self-reactivity in the bone marrow are destroyed by clonal {{c1::deletion}}
Published 01/29/2024 {{c1::Major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs)}} present antigen fragments to T cells and bind T-cell receptors (TCRs)
Published 01/29/2024 Major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) are encoded by {{c1::HLA}} genes
Published 01/29/2024 Which MHC class is associated with the gene products of HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C? {{c1::MHC I}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which MHC class is expressed on all nucleated cells and platelets? {{c1::MHC I}}
Published 01/29/2024 MHC {{c2::I}} binds to the T-cell receptor (TCR) and CD-{{c1::8}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which MHC class is formed by 1 long chain and 1 short chain? {{c1::MHC I}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which MHC class has a smaller peptide binding groove (8 - 10 AA)? {{c1::MHC I}}
Published 01/29/2024 What protein is associated with MHC I? {{c1::β2-microglobulin}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which MHC class is associated with the gene products of HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, and HLA-DR? {{c1::MHC II}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which MHC class is expressed on antigen presenting cells (APCs), only? {{c1::MHC II}}
Published 01/29/2024 MHC {{c2::II}} binds to the T-cell receptor (TCR) and CD-{{c1::4}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which MHC class is formed by 2 equal length chains? {{c1::MHC II}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which MHC class has a larger peptide binding groove (13 - 17 AA)? {{c1::MHC II}}
Published 01/29/2024 What protein is associated with MHC II? {{c1::Invariant chain}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which CD markers (CD4, CD8) does the T-cell precursor express in the bone marrow? {{c1::None :)}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which CD marker(s) (CD4, CD8) does the T-cell express in the thymic cortex? {{c1::Both CD4 and CD8}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which CD marker(s) (CD4, CD8) does the T-cell express in the thymic medulla? {{c1::Either CD4 or CD8}}
Published 01/29/2024 In the {{c1::thymic medulla}}, the T cell differentiates into a CD4+ or CD8+ T cell
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of selection allows survival of T cells expressing TCRs capable of binding self-MHC on cortical epithelial cells? {{c1::Positive selection}…
Published 01/29/2024 Where does positive selection of T cells occur? {{c1::Thymic cortex}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of selection causes T cells expressing TCRs with high affinity for self antigens on cortical epithelial cells to either undergo apoptosis o…
Published 01/29/2024 Where does negative selection of T cells occur? {{c1::Thymic medulla}}
Published 01/29/2024 What non-nucleated cell expresses MHC class I? {{c1::Platelets}}
Published 01/29/2024 MHC {{c2::I}} presents {{c1::endogenously}} synthesized antigens to CD8+ cytotoxic T cells
Published 01/29/2024 Antigen loading onto MHC I occurs in the RER after breakdown of endogenous antigen by the {{c1::proteasome}} in the cytosol, and delivery to the RER v…
Published 01/29/2024 MHC {{c2::II}} presents {{c1::exogenously}} synthesized antigens to CD4+ helper T cells
Published 01/29/2024 Antigen loading onto MHC II occurs following release of the {{c2::invariant chain}} in a(n) {{c1::acidified endosome}}
Published 01/29/2024 The first signal for T-cell activation is binding between the {{c1::TCR}} and {{c1::MHC/peptide complex}}
Published 01/29/2024 The second signal for T-cell activation is a costimulatory signal via interaction between {{c1::B7}} (APC) and {{c1::CD28}} (T cell)
Published 01/29/2024 Differentiation of helper T cells to {{c2::Th2}} is induced by {{c1::IL-2}} and {{c1::IL-4}}
Published 01/29/2024 Differentiation of helper T cells to {{c2::Th2}} is inhibited by {{c1::IFN-γ}}
Published 01/29/2024 What class of helper T cell secretes IL-4, -5, -6, -10, and -13? {{c1::Th2}}
Published 01/29/2024 What class of helper T cell recruits eosinophils for parasite defense?{{c1::Th2}}
Published 01/29/2024 What class of helper T cell promotes IgE production by B cells?{{c1::Th2}}
Published 01/29/2024 What class of helper T cell promotes humoral immunity?{{c1::Th2}}
Published 01/29/2024 Differentiation of helper T cells to {{c2::Th1}} is induced by {{c1::IFN-γ}} and {{c1::IL-12}}
Published 01/29/2024 Differentiation of helper T cells to {{c2::Th1}} is inhibited by {{c1::IL-4}} and {{c1::IL-10}} (from Th2 cells)
Published 01/29/2024 What class of helper T cell secretes IFN-γ and IL-2? {{c1::Th1}}
Published 01/29/2024 Th1 cells secrete {{c1::IFN-γ}} and {{c2::IL-2}}
Published 01/29/2024 What class of helper T cell activates macrophages and cytotoxic T cells?{{c1::Th1}}
Published 01/29/2024 What class of helper T cell promotes cell-mediated immunity?{{c1::Th1}}
Published 01/29/2024 Differentiation of helper T cells to {{c2::Treg}} is induced by {{c1::TGF-β}} and {{c1::IL-2}}; inhibited by {{c2::IL-6}}
Published 01/29/2024 What class of helper T cell helps maintain specific immune tolerance by suppressing CD4 and CD8 T-cell effector functions? {{c1::Regulatory T (TReg) c…
Published 01/29/2024 {{c3::Regulatory T}} cells are identified by expression of CD3, CD4, {{c1::CD25}}, and {{c2::FOXP3}}
Published 01/29/2024 Activated regulatory T cells produce {{c1::IL-10}} and {{c2::TGF-β}} (anti-inflammatory cytokines)
Published 01/29/2024 Differentiation of helper T cells to {{c2::Th17}} is induced by {{c2::IL-1}}, {{c1::IL-6}} and {{c1::TGF-β}}
Published 01/29/2024 What class of helper T cell are believed to play a role in tissue damage associated with autoimmune disease? {{c1::Th17 cells}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of immunity responds to antigens with antibodies from plasma cells? {{c1::Humoral immunity::humoral or cell-mediated}}
Published 01/29/2024 Humoral immunity is used to defend against {{c1::extra}}-cellular agents
Published 01/29/2024 Is humoral immunity primarily mediated by B-cells or T-cells?{{c1::B-cells}}
Published 01/29/2024 B-cell activation begins with presentation of foreign antigen on {{c1::MHC II}}, which is recognized by a T-cell receptor
Published 01/29/2024 B-cell activation requires a costimulatory signal from binding between the {{c1::CD40 receptor}} (B cell) and {{c1::CD40 ligand}} (Th2 cell)
Published 01/29/2024 Antigens that lack a(n) {{c1::peptide}} component are not recognizable by T cells and thus stimulate B cells directly
Published 01/29/2024 What is the only immunoglobulin that can be secreted in response to thymus-independent antigens? {{c1::IgM}}
Published 01/29/2024 One example of a thymus-independent antigen is {{c1::lipopolysaccharides (LPS)}} from gram negative bacteria
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of antibody digestion results in 2 monovalent Fab regions and 1 Fc region? {{c1::Papain cleavage}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of antibody digestion results in 1 bivalent Fab region and 1 Fc region? {{c1::Pepsin cleavage}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which immunoglobulin isotypes can exist as a monomer? {{c1::All Ig types}}
Published 01/29/2024 IgM exists as a(n) {{c1::monomer}} on the surface of B cells
Published 01/29/2024 Ig{{c2::M}} exists as a(n) {{c1::pentamer}} held by a J chain when secreted
Published 01/29/2024 How many identical antigens can a single IgM molecule bind?{{c1::10}}
Published 01/29/2024 Does IgM fix complement?{{c1::Yes}}
Published 01/29/2024 Does IgM cross the placenta?{{c1::No}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which immunoglobulin is produced first in response to an infection?{{c1::IgM}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which immunoglobulin is the main antibody produced during the primary response to antigen? {{c1::IgM}}
Published 01/29/2024 The {{c1::valence}} of an antibody refers to the number of sites available to bind epitopes
Published 01/29/2024 The {{c1::affinity}} of an antibody refers to the binding strength for an epitope
Published 01/29/2024 Which immunoglobulin has the highest avidity? {{c1::IgM}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which immunoglobulin has the highest affinity? {{c1::IgG}}
Published 01/29/2024 Generation of antibody specificity occurs via {{c1::somatic hypermutation}} with {{c2::affinity maturation}}
Published 01/29/2024 Where does class switching of IgM take place?{{c1::Germinal centers of lymph nodes}}
Published 01/29/2024 Class switching of IgM is mediated by CD40L and cytokines from {{c1::Th2::specific}} cells
Published 01/29/2024 Class switching to Ig{{c2::A}} is promoted by {{c1::IL-5}} and TGF-β
Published 01/29/2024 Class switching to Ig{{c2::E}} is promoted by {{c1::IL-4}} and {{c1::IL-13}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which immunoglobulin is the main antibody produced during the secondary response to antigen? {{c1::IgG}}
Published 01/29/2024 What is the most abundant immunoglobulin isotype in serum?{{c1::IgG}}
Published 01/29/2024 Does IgG fix complement?{{c1::Yes}}
Published 01/29/2024 Does IgG cross the placenta? {{c1::Yes}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which immunoglobulin(s) fix complement? {{c1::IgM and IgG}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which immunoglobulin(s) cross the placenta? {{c1::IgG}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which immunoglobulin opsonizes bacteria? {{c1::IgG}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which immunoglobulin is the most produced antibody overall? {{c1::IgA}}
Published 01/29/2024 IgA exists as a(n) {{c1::monomer}} in circulation
Published 01/29/2024 Ig{{c2::A}} exists as a(n) {{c1::dimer}} held by a J chain when secreted
Published 01/29/2024 IgA crosses epithelial cells by {{c1::transcytosis}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which immunoglobulin is produced in the GI tract and protects against gut infections? {{c1::IgA}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which immunoglobulin is released into breast milk (colostrum)? {{c1::IgA}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which immunoglobulin is released into secretions (tears, saliva, mucus)? {{c1::IgA}}
Published 01/29/2024 Does IgA fix complement?{{c1::No}}
Published 01/29/2024 Does IgA cross the placenta? {{c1::No}}
Published 01/29/2024 IgA is transported through the mucosa via binding between the {{c1::J chain}} of IgA and the {{c2::polymeric Ig}} receptor on epithelial cells
Published 01/29/2024 When IgA is released into the mucosa, the poly Ig receptor becomes the {{c1::secretory component}}, which protects IgA from luminal proteases
Published 01/29/2024 Which immunoglobulin binds directly to mast cells and basophils? {{c1::IgE}}
Published 01/29/2024 IgE cross-links when exposed to allergen, mediating type {{c1::I}} hypersensitivity reactions
Published 01/29/2024 Which immunoglobulin contributes to immunity to worms by activating eosinophils?{{c1::IgE}}
Published 01/29/2024 What is the least abundant immunoglobulin isotype in serum?{{c1::IgE}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which immunoglobulin(s) can be secreted by plasma cells? {{c1::IgA, IgG, or IgE (one type per plasma cell)}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of immunity responds to antigens with activated cytotoxic T-cells? {{c1::Cell-mediated immunity::humoral or cell-mediated}}
Published 01/29/2024 Cell-mediated immunity is used to defend against {{c1::intra}}-cellular agents
Published 01/29/2024 Is cell-mediated immunity primarily mediated by B-cells or T-cells?{{c1::T-cells}}
Published 01/29/2024 Cytotoxic (CD8+) T-cells kill virus infected, neoplastic, and donor graft cells by inducing {{c1::apoptosis}}
Published 01/29/2024 Cytotoxic T cells may induce apoptosis of target cells via release of {{c1::perforins}} and {{c1::granzymes}}, which leads to activation of caspases
Published 01/29/2024 Cytotoxic T cells may induce apoptosis of target cells via binding of {{c1::Fas ligand}} to {{c1::Fas}}, which causes release of TNF
Published 01/29/2024 Which immune cell is a lymphocyte member of the innate immune system? {{c1::Natural killer (NK) cells}}
Published 01/29/2024 Natural killer cells may induce apoptosis of virally infected cells and tumors cells via release of {{c1::perforins}} and {{c1::granzymes}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which interferons enhance activity of natural killer cells? {{c1::Interferon-α and Interferon-β}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which interleukins enhance activity of natural killer cells? {{c1::IL-2 and IL-12}}
Published 01/29/2024 {{c2::Natural killer}} cells are induced to kill cells that have an absence of {{c1::MHC I}} on their cell surface
Published 01/29/2024 Natural killer cells may kill cells via binding between {{c1::CD16}} (NK cells) and the {{c2::Fc}} region of IgG-bound antigen
Published 01/29/2024 Which immunoglobulin typically mediates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)?{{c1::IgG*}}
Published 01/29/2024 {{c1::Superantigens}} are antigens that {{c2::cross-link}} the β region of T-cell receptors to MHC II on APCs outside the normal peptide-binding groov…
Published 01/29/2024 {{c1::Superantigens}} can activate any CD4+ T-cell, resulting in massive release of cytokines
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of immunization is acquired by receiving preformed antibodies? {{c1::Passive immunization}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of immunization has a rapid onset? {{c1::Passive immunization}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of immunization has a short span of duration? {{c1::Passive immunization}}
Published 01/29/2024 Maternal IgG crossing the placenta is an example of {{c1::passive}} immunization
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of immunization is acquired by exposure to foreign antigens? {{c1::Active immunization}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of immunization has a slow onset? {{c1::Active immunization}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of immunization has a long-lasting protection (memory)? {{c1::Active immunization}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of vaccine induces a strong, often lifelong immunity? {{c1::Live, attenuated vaccines}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of vaccine has the potential to revert to a virulent form? {{c1::Live, attenuated vaccines}}
Published 01/29/2024 Which type of vaccine is a pathogen that has been inactivated by heat or chemicals? {{c1::Inactivated/killed vaccine}}
Published 01/29/2024 What part of an antigen should be preserved to elicit an immune response when given as an inactivated/killed vaccine? {{c1::Epitope}}
Published 01/29/2024 What is the first type of immunoglobulin produced in a neonate? {{c1::IgM}}
Published 01/29/2024 What is the only useful immunoglobulin for diagnosing neonatal infections? {{c1::IgM}}
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