Notes in 02 Autonomic Nervous System

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Published	12/13/2023	What endocrine disease presents with episodic flushing, palpitations, abdominal cramping, and diarrhea?{{c1::Carcinoid syndrome}}
Published	12/13/2023	What neurological signs and symptoms do hyponatremia and hypernatremia both have?{{c1::Seizures}} and {{c1::coma}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Alkalosis::Alkalosis/acidosis}} causes {{c1::hypo}}kalemia.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c3::post}}synaptic neurotransmitter of the {{c2::sympathetic}} nervous system is {{c1::norepinephrine and epinephrine}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Lusitropy}} is the rate of relaxation (cardiac muscle).
Published	12/13/2023	The celiac reflex causes {{c3::bradycardia}} and {{c2::hypotension}} in response to {{c1::abdominal traction}}.
Published	12/13/2023	In adenosine triphosphate, the last two phosphate molecules are connected by {{c1::high energy}} bonds.
Published	12/13/2023	Activation of {{c1::phospholipase C}} by a peptide hormone catalyzes the breakdown of phospholipids to {{c2::inositol triphosphate (IP3)}} and {{c3::d…
Published	12/13/2023	Which three vasopressors cause an increase in the pulse pressure?{{c1::Epinephrine}}{{c1::Dobutamine}}{{c1::Dopamine}}
Published	12/13/2023	Phosphodiesterases inactivate {{c1::cAMP}} in adrenergic nerves.
Published	12/13/2023	Phosphodiesterases inactivate {{c1::cGMP}} in cholinergic nerves.
Published	12/13/2023	What is the mechanism of action of milrinone?{{c1::PDE 3 inhibitor}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Signal transduction}} is the conversion of an extracellular signal to an intracellular response.
Published	12/13/2023	G-protein coupled receptors have three subunits: {{c1::α, β, and γ}}
Published	12/13/2023	Which G-proteins turn on an effector?{{c1::Gs}} and {{c1::Gq}}
Published	12/13/2023	Which G-proteins turn off an effector?{{c1::Gi}}
Published	12/13/2023	In the {{c1::arteries}}, vasoconstriction is produced by {{c2::α1}} > {{c2::α2}} receptor activity,
Published	12/13/2023	Stimulation of nonsynaptic {{c1::α2}} receptors leads to {{c2::platelet aggregation}}.
Published	12/13/2023	β receptor stimulation stimulates the G-protein {{c1::Gs}}, which activates {{c3::adenylate cyclase}}.
Published	12/13/2023	In vascular smooth muscle, cAMP causes {{c1::vasodilation}} by inhibiting {{c2::myosin light chain kinase}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The final byproduct of catecholamine metabolism is {{c1::vanillylmandelic acid (VMA)}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Muscarinic}} receptors are {{c1::G-protein coupled}} channels.
Published	12/13/2023	What type of nictonic cholinergic receptors are found in PNS/SNS ganglia and the central nervous system?{{c1::Type N (N2)}}
Published	12/13/2023	What type of nicotinic cholinergic receptors are found in the neuromuscular junction?{{c1::Type M (N1)}}
Published	12/13/2023	What muscarinic receptors are coupled to Gq?{{c1::M1, M3, M5}}
Published	12/13/2023	What muscarinic receptors are coupled to Gi?{{c1::M2, M4}}
Published	12/13/2023	Sympathetic nerve cell bodies originate in the {{c1::intermediolateral}} horn of the spinal cord.
Published	12/13/2023	Preganglionic sympathetic neurons leave the spinal nerve and enter the sympathetic chain via the {{c1::white ramus}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Postganglionic sympathetic neurons leave the sympathetic chain and re-enter the spinal nerve via the {{c1::gray ramus}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Which cranial nerves carry parasympathetic fibers (4)? {{c1::III, VII, IX, X}}
Published	12/13/2023	The inner portion of the adrenal gland is called the adrenal {{c1::medulla}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The post-preganglionic ratio of the sympathetic nervous system is {{c1::30}}:1.
Published	12/13/2023	What three portions of the nervous system act as the primary control center for autonomic reflex arc?{{c1::Hypothalamus, brainstem, and spinal co…
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::Bainbridge}} reflex causes {{c2::tachy}}cardia due to {{c3::hyper}}volemia.
Published	12/13/2023	Dopamine-{{c2::1}} receptors are {{c3::post}}synaptic → linked to {{c1::Gs}} proteins → {{c1::activates adenylate cyclase}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Non-selective}} β blockers can cause bronchospasm in patients with asthma.
Published	12/13/2023	Propanolol and acebutolol are β-blockers that demonstrate {{c1::membrane stabilizing}} activity.
Published	12/13/2023	The side effects of phenoxybenzamine are {{c1::orthostatic hypotension}} and {{c2::nasal congestion}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The Bainbridge reflex depends on stretch receptors primarily located in the {{c1::right atrium}}.
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