Notes in 02 Tissue Development Lecture

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Published	08/30/2024	Hemoglobin is a globular protein consisting of {{c1::four::number}} subunits
Published	09/06/2023	2,3-BPG (aka 2,3-DPG) decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for O2 by binding to hemoglobin {{c2::β}} chains
Published	09/06/2023	Primary hemostasis is mediated by interactions between {{c1::platelets}} and the {{c2::vessel wall}}
Published	09/06/2023	In order to adhere to the damaged endothelium, platelets bind {{c1::vWF}} using the {{c2::GPIb}} receptor
Published	09/06/2023	One source of von Willebrand factor (vWF) is from the {{c1::α}} granules of {{c2::platelets}}
Published	09/06/2023	Following platelet adhesion (primary hemostasis), there is platelet {{c1::degranulation::not aggregation}}
Published	09/06/2023	Alpha granules of platelets contain {{c1::vWF}} and fibrinogen
Published	09/06/2023	Dense granules of platelets contain {{c1::Ca2+}} and {{c2::ADP}}
Published	08/30/2024	Sickle cell anemia is caused by a mutation in the {{c1::β}} chain of hemoglobin.
Published	09/08/2023	What cell type is shown in the image below?
Published	09/08/2023	7131510baa954eab952c6e86b26a650e-ao-1
Published	09/06/2023	4a34dffd24d04affa0f13c649aa9c256-ao-3
Published	09/06/2023	In {{c1::erythrocytes::cell type}}, {{c2::2,3 DPG}} stabilizes deoxygenated hemoglobin by allosteric binding.
Published	09/08/2023	What RBC component is most likely affected in the RBCs shown in the peripheral smear here?{{c1::RBC membrane}}
Published	09/06/2023	The {{c1::cytoskeleton}} of a RBC forms its biconcave shape and is responsible for its "deformability" in smaller vessels.
Published	09/07/2023	What RBC component is most likely affected in the RBCs shown in the peripheral smear here?{{c1::Hemoglobin}}
Published	09/08/2023	What RBC component is most likely affected in the RBCs shown in the peripheral smear here?{{c1::RBC enzymes}}
Published	09/08/2023	What RBC component is most likely affected in the RBCs shown in the peripheral smear here?{{c1::Heme/porphyrin}}
Published	09/06/2023	Monocytes differentiate into {{c1::macrophages}} and {{c1::histiocytes}}.
Published	09/06/2023	{{c1::Neutrophils::immune cells}} are elevated in a bacterial infection while {{c2::lymphocytes::immune cells}} are elevated in a viral infection.
Published	09/06/2023	{{c1::Platelets::cell in blood}} do not have a nucleus and are discoid in shape.
Published	09/07/2023	{{c2::GPIb-IX-V}} is a membrane glycoprotein on platelets that binds {{c1::von Willebrand factor}}.
Published	09/06/2023	{{c2::GPIIb-IIIa}} is a membrane glycoprotein on platelets that binds {{c1::fibrinogen}}.
Published	09/08/2023	{{c2::GPIa-IIa, GPVI}} are membrane glycoproteins on platelets that bind {{c1::collagen}}.
Published	09/06/2023	Platelets {{c1::do::do/do not}} have a phospholipid membrane bilayer.
Published	09/06/2023	Primary hemostasis begins with {{c1::adhesion}}, followed by {{c2::vWF}} binding GPIb, leading to a conformational change of the platelets which expos…
Published	09/07/2023	Secondary hemostasis involves a {{c1::coagulation cascade}} leading to clot formation.
Published	09/07/2023	The large airways of the {{c1::conducting}} zone of the lung consists of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Cartilage}} and {{c2::goblet cells}} extend to the end of the {{c3::bronchi}} of the conducting zone
Published	09/07/2023	Airway smooth muscle cells extend to the {{c1::terminal bronchioles}} of the conducting zone (sparse beyond this point)
Published	09/07/2023	The {{c1::respiratory}} zone of the lung consists of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs
Published	09/07/2023	Which part of the respiratory zone still contains some smooth muscle? {{c1::Respiratory bronchioles}}
Published	09/07/2023	Where in the respiratory tract do cilia terminate? {{c1::Respiratory bronchioles}}
Published	09/07/2023	Do the alveolar ducts and/or sacs have cilia? {{c1::No}}
Published	09/07/2023	Type {{c1::II}} pneumocytes are responsible for synthesis of pulmonary {{c2::surfactant}}
Published	09/07/2023	The alveoli contain phagocytic cells called {{c1::alveolar macrophages (dust cells)}}, which clear debris and participate in the immune response
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Club (Clara)}} cells are non-ciliated, low columnar/cuboidal cells with secretory granules in the lung
Published	09/07/2023	Club (clara) cells of the lung may degrade {{c1::toxins}}
Published	09/07/2023	Erythrocytes (RBCs) carry O2 to tissues and {{c2::CO2}} to lungs
Published	09/07/2023	Do erythrocytes (RBCs) contain a nucleus? {{c1::No (anucleate)}}
Published	09/07/2023	What is the source of energy in erythrocytes? {{c1::Glucose}}
Published	09/07/2023	Which feature of cell death is characterized by nuclear condensation? {{c1::Pyknosis}}
Published	08/30/2024	The two MAIN mechanisms of cell death are {{c1::necrosis}} and {{c1::apoptosis}}
Published	08/30/2024	Which mechanism of cell death is never physiologic? {{c1::Necrosis::Apoptosis OR Necrosis}}
Published	08/30/2024	Which mechanism of cell death is an inflammatory process? {{c1::Necrosis::Apoptosis OR Necrosis}}
Published	08/30/2024	Which mechanism of cell death involves death of a large group of cells? {{c1::Necrosis::Apoptosis OR Necrosis}}
Published	08/30/2024	{{c1::Coagulative}} necrosis is characteristic of {{c2::ischemic infarction}} of any organ except the {{c3::brain}}
Published	08/30/2024	Which type of necrosis is characterized by enzymatic lysis of cells and protein? {{c1::Liquefactive necrosis}}
Published	08/30/2024	What type of necrosis is seen with brain infarcts and abscesses? {{c1::Liquefactive necrosis}}
Published	08/30/2024	{{c1::Gangrenous}} necrosis is characteristic of chronic {{c3::ischemia}} of the {{c2::lower::upper OR lower}} limbs and the {{c2:…
Published	08/30/2024	What type of necrosis may be seen with gangrenous necrosis if superinfection occurs? {{c1::Liquefactive necrosis ("wet gangrene")}}
Published	08/30/2024	Which type of necrosis is characterized by soft, friable necrotic tissue with a "cottage cheese-like" appearance? {{c1::Caseous necrosis}}
Published	08/30/2024	Which type of necrosis is characteristic of tuberculous and fungal infections? {{c1::Caseous necrosis}}
Published	08/30/2024	Which type of necrosis is characterized by fragmented cells/debris surrounded by lymphocytes and macrophages? {{c1::Caseous necrosis}}
Published	08/30/2024	Which type of necrosis is characterized by a chalky-white appearance due to deposition of Ca2+? {{c1::Fat necrosis}}
Published	08/30/2024	{{c2::Fat}} necrosis is characteristically due to {{c1::acute pancreatitis::disease}} or {{c1::trauma}} (e.g., to an area like the breast).
Published	08/30/2024	In fat necrosis, fatty acids bind to Ca2+ via a process called {{c1::saponification}}.
Published	08/30/2024	Which type of necrosis is characterized by necrotic damage to blood vessel walls? {{c1::Fibrinoid necrosis}}
Published	08/30/2024	The key mediators of redness and warmth in inflammation are {{c1::histamine}}, {{c1::prostaglandins}}, {{c1::bradykinin}} and {{c1::NO (nitric ox…
Published	08/30/2024	Swelling in inflammation is mediated by endothelial cell {{c2::disruption}} caused by {{c1::tissue damage}} and endothelial cell {{c2::contraction}} c…
Published	09/07/2023	What immune cell predominates after neutrophils (2 - 3 days after inflammation begins)? {{c1::Macrophages}}
Published	09/07/2023	Chronic inflammation is characterized by the presence of {{c1::macrophages}}, {{c2::lymphocytes}} and plasma cells in tissue
Published	09/07/2023	What is the most common cause of chronic inflammation? {{c1::Persistent infection}}
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Granulomas}} are collections of {{c2::epithelioid histiocytes::specific}}, usually surrounded by giant cells and a rim of lymphocytes
Published	09/07/2023	Epithelioid histiocytes are {{c1::macrophages}} with abundant pink cytoplasm
Published	08/30/2024	{{c1::Repair}} is the replacement of damaged tissue with fibrous scar
Published	09/07/2023	The initial "proliferative" phase of wound repair is characterized by deposition of {{c1::granulation}} tissue
Published	09/07/2023	Which epithelial cell junction connects keratin in basal cells to underlying basement membrane? {{c1::Hemidesmosomes}}
Published	09/07/2023	Thrombopoietin stimulates {{c1::megakaryocyte}} proliferation and is made in the {{c1::liver}}
Published	09/07/2023	Club cells are located in the {{c1::bronchioles}}
Published	09/07/2023	Sickle cell disease may cause {{c1::Ischemic stroke (large vessel)}} due to sickling of erythrocytes and thrombus formation in cranial …
Published	09/07/2023	b9082c35565b4223acf7c7cb48b12edf-ao-2
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Erythropoietin}} is a hormone that stimulates production of erythrocytes in the bone marrow.
Published	09/07/2023	6096b7b195ac403e861105e7d4e18c35-ao-1
Published	08/30/2024	{{c1::Autophagy}} is a type of cell death where the cell eats its own contents.
Published	08/30/2024	Chemical mediators of inflammation {{c1::increase::increase OR decrease}} the permeability of blood vessels and cause {{c1::vasodilation::vasodilation…
Published	08/30/2024	Histamine, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, cytokines, chemokines, platelet activating factor, complement, and kinins are all chemical mediators in {{c1:…
Published	09/07/2023	A surgical incision heals via {{c1::primary::primary/secondary}} intention while a surgical excision heals via {{c1::secondary::primary/secondary}} in…
Published	09/07/2023	Primary intention healing leads to {{c1::restoration::loss/restoration}} of function while secondary intention healing leads to {{c1::loss::loss/…
Published	09/07/2023	{{c1::Fibroblasts::cell type}} deposit granulation tissue which forms scar tissue when healing by second intention.
Published	08/30/2024	Elevated cardiac enzyme levels in myocardial infarctions are due to {{c1::leakage secondary to membrane damage}}.
Published	09/07/2023	You can find the most ciliated cells/goblet cells in the {{c1::trachea::part of respiratory system}}.
Published	09/07/2023	We are unsure of the function of {{c1::brush::respiratory}} cells, but suspect it may produce AMPs or help with immune signaling.
Published	08/30/2024	In {{c1::pseudostratified}} epithelium, every cell has hemidesmosomal contacts to the basement membrane, but the cells appear stratified.
Published	09/07/2023	The {{c1::submucosa::layer}} of the bronchi contain {{c2::serous mucous}} glands which secrete {{c3::proteins and mucus::2 things}}.
Published	09/07/2023	In the airway, where does pseuostratified epithelium transition to simple columnar?{{c1::Regular/Terminal Bronchioles}}
Published	09/07/2023	Where is BALT located in the airway?{{c1::in the lamina propria of regular/terminal bronchioles}}
Published	09/07/2023	Type {{c1::I}} pneumocytes are optimized for gas exchange.
Published	09/07/2023	Hematopoiesis occurs in the {{c1::bone marrow::location}}.
Published	09/07/2023	G-CSF, GM-CSF, M-CSF, IL-5, EPO, and TPO are all major growth factors driving {{c1::hematopoiesis::process}}.
Published	09/08/2023	G-CSF stands for {{c1::granulocyte}} colony stimulating factor and stimulates {{c1::granulocytes/neutrophils}} during hematopoiesis.
Published	09/07/2023	GM-CSF stands for {{c1::granulocyte-macrophage}} colony stimualting factor and stimulates {{c1::granulocytes/monocytes}} during hematopoiesis.
Published	09/07/2023	M-CSF stands for {{c1::monocyte}} colony stimualting factor and stimulates {{c1::monocytes}} during hematopoiesis.
Published	09/07/2023	IL-5 stimulates {{c1::eosinophils}} during hematopoiesis.
Published	09/08/2023	TPO stimulates production of {{c1::platelets and stem cells}} during hematopoiesis.
Published	09/07/2023	What is in the buffy coat of blood post-centrifugation?{{c1::WBCs and some platelets}}
Published	09/07/2023	Pancytosis indicates {{c1::all blood}} cells are elevated while pancytopenia indicates {{c1::all blood}} cells are low.
Published	09/07/2023	What is A?{{c1::neutrophil}}
Published	09/07/2023	What is B?{{c1::eosinophil}}
Published	09/07/2023	What is C?{{c1::basophil}}
Published	09/07/2023	What is D?{{c1::monocyte}}
Published	09/07/2023	What is E?{{c1::lymphocyte}}
Published	09/07/2023	What is F?{{c1::reactive lymphocyte}}
Published	09/07/2023	The most abundant cells in the blood are {{c1::erythrocytes}}.
Published	08/30/2024	Necrosis overview:A {{c1::pathologic::pathologic OR physiologic}} processCell size {{c1::swells::swells OR shrinks}}{{c1::Nucleus::organelle}} undergo…
Published	08/30/2024	{{c1::Autophagy}} is a form of cell death where the cell eats its own contents.
Published	08/30/2024	The 5 Rs of inflammation:{{c1::Recognition}}of injurious stimulus{{c1::Recruitment}} of inflammatory cells{{c1::Removal}} of stimulus (ex. neutrophils…
Published	08/30/2024	Acute inflammation usually ends in {{c1::resolution (function restoration)}}, but chronic inflammation often leads to {{c1::fibrosis}} and a loss of f…
Published	09/07/2023	If you have a superficial injury (ex. skin cut), you get {{c1::regeneration}} of the tissue, but if you have a severe injury, you get {{c1::scar forma…
Published	09/07/2023	Steps of healing by primary intention{{c1::Neutrophils come to the site and a blood clot forms}}{{c1::Macrophages get rid of these}}{{c1::Scab goes aw…
Published	09/07/2023	Steps of healing by secondary intention{{c1::Granulation tissue forms under the site of injury thanks to fibroblasts}}{{c1::Scar forms where you lose …
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