Notes in Translation

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	08/28/2024	Final mRNA processing includes the addition of a {{c1::7-methylguanosine cap}} to the 5' end of the first nucleotide. This is via a {{c2::5'-5' t…
Published	08/28/2024	mRNA processing includes the addition of a {{c1::poly-A tail}} to the 3' end of the molecule. This is triggered by specific DNA/RNA sequences, specifi…
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Pre-mRNA splicing}} is an essential step in gene expression. It generates proteomic diversity, expansion of proteome function, transcript regula…
Published	08/28/2024	RNA splicing occurs during transcription, and involves removing introns from mRNA in the nucleus. The first splice site is the {{c1::5'}} splice …
Published	08/28/2024	Splicing catalysis occurs in two {{c1::trans-esterification}} reactions.
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::snRNPs (small nuclear riboproteins)}} are important for splicing. They are short RNA polymers associated with 6-10 proteins to form the {{c1::sp…
Published	08/28/2024	886a4b16cb214ae3956891309e8852b2-oa-1
Published	08/28/2024	886a4b16cb214ae3956891309e8852b2-oa-2
Published	08/28/2024	886a4b16cb214ae3956891309e8852b2-oa-3
Published	08/28/2024	886a4b16cb214ae3956891309e8852b2-oa-4
Published	08/28/2024	assembly of the spliceosome
Published	08/28/2024	{{c1::Alternative splicing}} generates different mRNA patterns.
Published	08/28/2024	Alternative splicing patterns can be combined in a single transcription unit to produce a complex array of spliced {{c1::isoforms}}.
Published	08/28/2024	Proteomic diversity generated by {{c1::alternative splicing}} is the principal contributor of phenotypic complexity in mammals.
Published	08/28/2024	tRNA transfers amino acids to protein chains. It is synthesized by {{c1::RNA polymerase III}}, and many of its bases are chemically modified.
Published	08/28/2024	The 3' end of a tRNA always ends in {{c1::CCA}}. The {{c1::hydroxyl (OH) of A}} attaches to an amino acid.
Published	08/28/2024	tRNA's are charged by linking an amino acid to the tRNA. This process is catalyzed by {{c1::aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase}}, which requires {{c1::ATP…
Published	08/28/2024	There is a proofreading mechanism when tRNAs are mischarged (wrong AA for mRNA codon). This is called {{c1::hydrolic editing}}. {{c1::Aminoacyl-t…
Published	08/28/2024	The {{c1::wobble hypothesis}} states that the first two bases in the codon and anticodon will form complementary pairs in the normal antiparallel fash…
Published	08/28/2024	The prokaryotic ribosome is the {{c1::70S}} ribosome, made up of the {{c1::50S}} (large) and {{c1::30S}} (small) subunits. The eukaryotic ribosom…
Published	08/28/2024	The initiation signal for translation in prokaryotic mRNA is the {{c1::Shine-Dalgarno sequence}}, which is bound by the {{c1::16S rRNA subunit}}.&nbsp…
Published	08/28/2024	To initiate translation in eukaryotic cells, the {{c1::40S}} ribosomal subunit binds to the {{c1::5' cap}}, and then begins scanning the mRNA.
Published	08/28/2024	dea4c01deffe4878aaf11e05a63bf6eb-oa-1
Published	08/28/2024	dea4c01deffe4878aaf11e05a63bf6eb-oa-2
Published	08/28/2024	dea4c01deffe4878aaf11e05a63bf6eb-oa-3
Published	08/28/2024	dea4c01deffe4878aaf11e05a63bf6eb-oa-4
Published	08/28/2024	dea4c01deffe4878aaf11e05a63bf6eb-oa-5
Published	08/28/2024	prokaryotic initiation
Published	08/28/2024	Prokaryotic initiation begins with the {{c1::30S}} subunit in complex with two initiation factors, IF1 and IF3.The tRNA is recruited to the mRNA stran…
Published	08/28/2024	Eukaryotic initiation begins with the {{c1::40S}} rRNA subunit and eukaryotic initiation factors {{c1::eIF1, eIFA, and eIF3. }}This is then combi…
Published	08/28/2024	To initiate translation, the first tRNA with fMet/Met attached binds directly to the {{c1::P}}-site of rRNA. This is usually removed later by {{c…
Published	08/28/2024	In the process of (prokaryotic) elongation, a new tRNA and attached amino acid are recruited to the {{c1::A-site}} of the rRNA subunit through the {{c…
Published	08/28/2024	Prokaryotic tRNA subunits with their attached amino acids are loaded onto the rRNA subunit via the {{c1::EFTu cycle}}. In this process, tRNA is l…
Published	08/28/2024	Translation ends at mRNA stop codons {{c1::UAA}}, {{c1::UAG}}, and {{c1::UGA}}. These are not recognized by tRNA, and instead a {{c1::releasing f…
Published	08/28/2024	The two release factors for prokaryotic cells are {{c1::RF-1}}, which recognizes {{c2::UAA}} or {{c2::UAG}}, and {{c1::RF-2}}, which recognizes {{c2::…
Published	08/28/2024	The release factor for eukaryotic cells is {{c1::eRF-1}}, which recognizes {{c2::UAA}}, {{c2::UAG}} or {{c2::UGA}}. {{c1::RF-3}} or {{c1::eRF-3}}…
Published	08/28/2024	Hundreds of ribosomes can simultaneously translate one protein to increase efficiency. This is called a {{c1::polysome}}.
Published	08/28/2024	Many {{c1::antibiotics}} function by disrupting steps in translation of prokaryotes.
Published	08/28/2024	The eukaryotic elongation factor, {{c1::eEF-2 (a modified histidine called diphthamide)}}, is very sensitive to the toxin Diphtheria. This inhibits pr…
Published	08/28/2024	One example of translation regulation is ferritin mRNA. Near the 5' cap, ferritin mRNA has a region called the {{c1::iron responsive element.}}Wh…
Published	08/28/2024	Translation regulation requires adequate {{c1::growth factor}} supply for translation to proceed. When there is a state of {{c1::stress}} or {{c1…
Status	Last Update	Fields