Notes in 04AntigenRecognition&AdaptiveIS

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	Each antibody has at least {{c1::two::number}} antigen binding sites.
Published	07/30/2024	An antibody is composed of {{c1::2 identical light chains}} and {{c1::2 identical heavy chains}}. Each chain has two regions: {{c2::amino-te…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}}The C region of the immunoglobulin domains are spatially separate from the variable regions.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::C}} region of the {{c1::heavy}} chain interacts with other molecules of the immune system, helping mediate most of the biological …
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::C}} region is responsible for the membrane-bound properties of the B-cell receptors.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::F::T/F}}The C region of the light chain participates in effector functions and are attached to the membrane.
Published	07/30/2024	Immunoglobulin domain may contain two layers of {{c1::beta-theta G}} and these are held together by a {{c2::disulfide bridge}}.
Published	07/30/2024	5 types of Ig heavy chains{{c1::μ (mu)}}{{c1::δ (delta)}}{{c1::γ (gamma)}}{{c1::ε (epsilon)}}{{c1::α (alpha)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Antibodies from highest to lowest in plasma concentration:{{c1::IgG > IgA > IgM > IgE > IgD}}
Published	07/30/2024	Antibodies from longest to shortest in half-life:{{c1::IgG > IgA > IgM > IgD > IgE}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Epitopes/determinants}} are the part of antigens recognized/binded by the antibody.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Affinity}} refers to the strength with which one antigen binding site binds to one epitope of the antigen.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Avidity}} refers to the total binding strength of the antibody at every binding site.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}}Antibodies produced against one antigen may bind other structurally similar antigens.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (HAT)}} is the medium where hybrid cells are cultured. Resultant fused cells are called {{c2::hybridomas…
Published	07/30/2024	TCRIGComponents{{c1::alpha and beta chains}}{{c1::heavy and light chains}}
Published	07/30/2024	TCRIGNumbber of Ig domains{{c1::1 V domain and 1 C domain in each chain}}{{c1::heavy chain: 1 V domain, 3 or 4 C domainslight cha…
Published	07/30/2024	TCRIGNumber of CDRs involved in antigen binding{{c1::6 (3 in each chain)}}{{c1::6 (3 in each chain)}}
Published	07/30/2024	TCRIGAssociated signaling molecules{{c1::CD3 and ζ}}{{c1::Igα and Igβ}}
Published	07/30/2024	Changes After Cellular Activation TCRIGProduction of secreted form{{c1::No}}{{c1::Yes}}
Published	07/30/2024	Changes After Cellular Activation TCRIGIsotype switching{{c1::No}}{{c1::Yes}}
Published	07/30/2024	Changes After Cellular Activation TCRIGSomatic Mutations{{c1::No}}{{c1::Yes}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::F::T/F}}Only the alpha chain of the TCR participates in the specific recognition of MHC molecules and bound peptides.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::T::T/F}}Both chains of TCRs are membrane-bound.
Published	07/30/2024	The antigen receptor of {{c1::MHC-restricted CD4+ helper T cells}} and {{c1::Cd8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes}} is a heterodimer consisting of&n…
Published	07/30/2024	Surface molecule of T lymphocytesFunctionLigandLigand expressed onLFA-1{{c1::adhesion}}{{c2::ICAM-1}}APCs, endothelium
Published	07/30/2024	Surface molecule of T lymphocytesFunctionLigandLigand expressed onCD4{{c1::signal transduction}}{{c2::Class II MHC}}APCs
Published	07/30/2024	Surface molecule of T lymphocytesFunctionLigandLigand expressed onCD28{{c1::signal transduction (costimulation)}}{{c2::B7-1, B7…
Published	07/30/2024	Maturation is iniated by signals from cell surface receptors that have two main roles:- {{c1::promote the proliferation of progenitors}}- {{…
Published	07/30/2024	ProliferationPre-B/T antigen receptor expressionProliferationAntigen receptor expressionPositive and negative selection
Published	07/30/2024	CheckpointRequired ExpressionProliferation{{c1::Pre-antigen receptor}}
Published	07/30/2024	CheckpointRequired ExpressionPre-B/T antigen receptor expression{{c1::1 chain of antigen receptor}}
Published	07/30/2024	CheckpointRequired Expressionantigen receptor expression{{c1::complete antigen receptor}}
Published	07/30/2024	CheckpointRequired Expressionpositive/negative selectionpositive - {{c1::weak antigen recognition}}negative - {{c2::stron…
Published	07/30/2024	Checkpoints in lymphocyte maturation all occur in the {{c1::primary lymphoid organs}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Positive}} selection facilitates the survival of potentially useful lymphocytes.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Lineage commitment}} is the process by which lymphocyte subsets are generated.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Positive}} selection is linked to lineage commitment.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Negative}} selection eliminates or alters developing lymphocytes whose antigen receptors bind strongly to self-antigens in the generative lympho…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Clonal deletion}} is the phenomenon in which developing T cells with a high affinity for self-antigens are eliminated by apoptosis.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Central tolerance}} is a mechanism of tolerance only to self antigens that are present in the generative lymphoid organs.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Recombination signal sequences (RSSs)}} are specific DNA sequences found adjacent to the V, D, and J segments in the antigen receptor loci and a…
Published	07/30/2024	synapsiscleavagehairpin opening and end-processingjoining
Published	07/30/2024	V(D)J recombinationIn {{c1::synapsis}}, two distant selected coding segments and their adjacent RSS that have acquired histomarkers are brought t…
Published	07/30/2024	V(D)J recombinationIn {{c1::cleavage}}, double stranded breaks are enzymaticallty generated by {{c2::V(D)J recombinase}} at RSS coding sequent ju…
Published	07/30/2024	V(D)J recombinationV(D)J recombinase is composed of: {{c1::RAG1}} and {{c1::RAG2}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)}} is a lymphoid specific enzyme that adds nucleotides to broken DNA ends.
Published	07/30/2024	V(D)J RecombinationIn {{c1::joining}}, broken coding ends and signal ends are brought together and ligated by {{c2::nonhomologous end joinin…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Junctional}} diversity is unlimited whereas {{c2::combinatorial}} diversity is limited by the number of available V, D, and J gene segments…
Published	07/30/2024	The development of a mature B cell from a lymphoid progenitor takes around {{c1::2-3 days}} in humans.
Published	07/30/2024	The earliest bone marrow cell commited to the B cell lineage is the {{c1::pro-B cell}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Pro-B cells can be distinguished from other immature cells by the expression of the surface molecules {{c1::CD19}} and {{c1::CD10}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The first IgM-expressing cell is the {{c1::immature B cell}}.
Published	07/30/2024	The most mature B cells belong to the {{c1::follicular B cell}} subset and they produce {{c2::membrane-associated IgD}} in addition to IgM.
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::B-1 cell}} lineage arises from the fetal liver before birth and ultimately develops into {{c1::B-1}} cells with {{c2::IgM and…
Published	07/30/2024	2 major subsets of B lymphocytes derived from the B-2 cell lineage: {{c1::follicular B cell}}, {{c1::marginal zone B cell}}
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