Notes in 1. Anatomy

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	02/10/2024	Spinal Cord
Published	02/10/2024	Spinal Cord
Published	02/10/2024	Spinal Cord
Published	02/10/2024	Spinal Cord
Published	02/10/2024	There are two main cells that make up the nervous system:[1] {{c1::Neurons}} ‒ structural and functional unit, excitable & carries impulses as act…
Published	02/10/2024	A typical neuron is a cell that has multiple {{c1::dendrites}} and one {{c1::axon}}, with action potentials travelling in only one direction from cell…
Published	02/10/2024	The nucleus of a neuron contains loose {{c1::chromatin}} and prominent {{c1::nucleolus}}
Published	02/10/2024	The cell organelles of a neuron are {{c1::mitochondria}}, {{c1::rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) ‒ Nissl bodies}} and {{c1::diffuse golgi appara…
Published	02/10/2024	The cytoplasm of a neuron in the cell body is known as {{c1::perikaryon}}
Published	02/10/2024	The cytoplasm of a neuron in the axon is known as {{c1::axoplasm}}
Published	02/10/2024	I get hungry when studying because neurons have a high {{c1::metabolic}} rate
Published	02/10/2024	Neurons are {{c2::amitotic}} meaning that they are {{c1::irreplacable, long living, if they die they are lost forever}}
Published	02/10/2024	Types of neurons[1] {{c1::Multipolar}} ‒ {{c2::interneurons}}, {{c2::motor}} neurons[2] {{c1::Bipolar}} ‒ found in CN {{c2::Olfactory ‒ I}} & CN {…
Published	02/10/2024	All motor neurons that carry impulses from central to periphery are {{c1::multipolar}} neurons
Published	02/10/2024	Cell bodies of {{c2::multipolar}} neurons are found within the {{c1::CNS}}
Published	02/10/2024	Cell bodies of {{c2::pseudounipolar}} neurons are found in the {{c1::dorsal root ganglia}} and {{c1::cranial nerve ganglia}}
Published	02/10/2024	The presence of myelin sheaths allow {{c1::saltatory conduction}} which increases conduction speed in axons, where the action potential jumps between …
Published	02/10/2024	Myelin sheath is formed by {{c1::Schwann cells}} in {{c2::PNS}}
Published	02/10/2024	Myelin sheath is formed by {{c1::Oligodendrocytes}} in {{c2::CNS}}
Published	02/10/2024	The structure of a neuron found in {{c1::grey}} matter is {{c2::neuronal cell bodies}}
Published	02/10/2024	The structure of a neuron found in {{c1::white}} matter is {{c2::myelinated axons}}
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Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::dorsal}} root carries {{c2::sensory}} neurons while the {{c1::ventral}} root carries {{c2::motor}} neurons.
Published	02/10/2024	A collection of grey matter inside the cerebral hemispheres is known as a {{c1::nucleus}}A collection of grey matter inside the spinal cord …
Published	02/10/2024	Types of Glial cells located in the CNS:[1] {{c1::Astrocytes}} ‒ maintenance of blood brain barrier[2] {{c1::Microglia}} ‒ phagocytosis, scar tissue f…
Published	02/10/2024	Types of Glial cells located in the PNS:[1] {{c1::Schwann}} cells ‒ formation of myelin sheaths[2] {{c1::Satellite}} cells ‒ surround neuronal cell bo…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::blood brain barrier}} is a protective mechanism that helps maintain a stable environment for the brain and prevents harmful amino acids…
Published	02/10/2024	There aren't any {{c1::fenestrated}} capillaries in the brain only {{c1::tight junctions}} found within the epithelia with a thick&nbsp…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Lipid}} soluble molecules can pass freely through the blood brain barrier
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Water}} soluble molecules cannot pass freely through the blood brain barrier, they are {{c1::pump}} mediated
Published	02/10/2024	Endocrine organs in the brain e.g. {{c1::hypothalamus}} and {{c1::posterior pituitary}} do not have a BBB so that they can function properly.
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Published	02/10/2024	The three parts of the brainstem are the {{c1::midbrain}}, {{c1::pons}} and {{c1::medulla}}.
Published	02/10/2024	Basic Topography of the Brain involves:{{c1::Cerebrum}}{{c1::Diencephalon}}{{c1::Cerebellum}}{{c1::Brainstem}}
Published	02/10/2024	The space between the arachnoid and pia mater (subarachnoid space) is where you would find {{c1::cerebrospinal fluid}}
Published	02/10/2024	The two {{c1::verterbral}} arteries coming from foramen transversarium join together in the cranial cavity to form the {{c1::basilar}} artery
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Ventricles}} are spaces within the brain.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::lateral}} ventricles are C-shaped cavities with three horns which lie in the {{c2::cerebral hemispheres}}.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::third}} ventricle lies in the cavity within the {{c2::diencephalon}}.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::cerebral aqueduct}} lies in the {{c2::midbrain}}, the CSF goes through it from the third ventricle to reach the fourth ventricle.
Published	02/10/2024	The diamond-shaped {{c1::fourth}} ventricle lies in the {{c2::hindbrain}} behind the pons and medulla and infront of the cerebellum.
Published	02/10/2024	7f2d19cc75c14da59d9c5a2b995b7ec7-ao-1
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Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::subarachnoid}} space contains cerebrospinal fluid.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::subdural}} space is a potential space which is traversed by blood vessels penetrating into the CNS
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::pia}} mater is vascularised and dips into the folds of the brain.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::dura}} mater is tough, fibrous and has folds.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::CSF}} is the fluid found inside the {{c2::ventricles}} of the brain and {{c2::central canal}} of spinal cord and {{c2::subarachnoi…
Published	02/10/2024	The CSF is formed by the {{c1::choroid plexus}} in each ventricle of the brain.
Published	02/10/2024	The CSF is absorbed by {{c1::arachnoid granulations/villi}} into {{c2::superior sagittal sinus}} (venous channel in the brain)
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Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::forebrain}} vesicle forms the {{c2::diencephalon}} and the two {{c2::cerebral hemispheres}}
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::hindbrain}} vesicle forms the {{c2::pons}} and {{c2::medulla}} anteriorly and the {{c2::cerebellum}} posteriorly
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::midbrain}} vesicle forms the {{c2::midbrain}}
Published	02/10/2024	As soon as the neural tube forms, it divides into {{c1::three primary}} vesicles in week 4 then into {{c1::five secondary}} vesicles in week 5
Published	02/10/2024	The cranial nerves that emerge from the brainstem are cranial nerves {{c1::III-XII}}
Published	02/10/2024	The cavity found within the medulla oblongata is the {{c1::fourth}} ventricle.
Published	02/10/2024	The medulla oblongata continues as {{c1::spinal cord}} at foramen magnum of cranium
Published	02/10/2024	The lower part of the medulla resembles the {{c1::spinal cord}} in structure
Published	02/10/2024	In the anteromedial surface of the medulla there are swellings called {{c1::pyramids}}
Published	02/10/2024	In the anterolateral surface of the medulla there are swellings called {{c1::olives}}
Published	02/10/2024	Motor nerves emerging from the cerebral hemispheres cross over to the opposite side in the pyramids, which is known as {{c1::decussation}}.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c2::medulla oblongata}} is connected to the cerebellum via the {{c1::inferior cerebellar peduncle}}
Published	02/10/2024	Cranial nerves {{c1::Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)}}, {{c1::Vagus (CN X)}}, {{c1::Accessory (CN XI)}}, {{c1::Hypoglossal (CN XII)}} arise from the surface …
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::caudal}} part of medulla oblongata is {{c2::closed}} around fourth ventricle
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::cranial}} part of medulla oblongata {{c2::opens}} with fourth ventricle posteriorly
Published	02/10/2024	The fourth ventricle is located {{c1::posterior}} to the pons.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c2::pons}} is connected to the cerebellum via the {{c1::middle cerebellar peduncle}}
Published	02/10/2024	Cranial nerves {{c1::Trigeminal (CN V)}}, {{c1::Abducens (CN VI)}}, {{c1::Facial (CN VII)}}, {{c1::Vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)}} arise from the s…
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Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::midbrain}} forms from a primary vesicle known as the {{c2::mesencephalon}}
Published	02/10/2024	In the midbrain, there is a central cavity known as the {{c1::cerebral aqueduct}} that connects the third ventricle to the fourth
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::superior}} colliculi of the midbrain deal with the {{c2::visual}} reflex
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::inferior}} colliculi of the midbrain deal with the {{c2::auditory}} reflex
Published	02/10/2024	The only cranial nerve to emerge from the posterior aspect of the brain (more specific ‒ midbrain) is the {{c1::Trochlear (CN IV)}} nerve
Published	02/10/2024	Cranial nerves {{c1::Oculomotor (CN III)}} and {{c1::Trochlear (CN IV)}} arise from the surface of {{c2::midbrain}}
Published	02/10/2024	The midbrain contains the {{c1::cerebral peduncles}} which are two bands of descending motor fibres that decussate at the medulla
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c2::midbrain}} is connected to the cerebellum via the {{c1::superior cerebellar peduncle}}
Published	02/10/2024	Collectively, the superior and inferior {{c1::colliculi}} are known as the {{c2::corpora quadrigemina}} that sit on the posterior surface of the midbr…
Published	02/10/2024	Midbrain sectionThe cranial cavity contains the {{c2::cerebral aqueduct}} which connects the {{c1::III ventricle}} and the {{c1::IV ventricle}}
Published	02/10/2024	Midbrain sectionThe distinguishing feature of the midbrain from other parts of the brainstem is the {{c1::substantia nigra}}, which is a black line.
Published	02/10/2024	Midbrain sectionPeriaqueductal grey matter with nucleus for {{c1::III}} & {{c1::IV}} cranial nerves with surrounding white matter containing embed…
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Published	02/10/2024	Each cerebellar hemisphere has three lobes ‒ {{c1::anterior}}, {{c1::posterior}}, {{c1::flocculonodular}}
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Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::cerebellar tonsils}} are inferoanterior projections of the cerebellum located around foramen magnum.
Published	02/10/2024	The functions of the cerebellum:[1] {{c1::Posture maintenance}}[2] {{c1::Fine tuning motor activity}}
Published	02/10/2024	The cerebellum receives information to coordinate force, direction, extent of contraction from:[1] {{c1::Pyramidal tracts}} (motor part of brain that …
Published	02/10/2024	The diencephalon is found deep within the {{c1::cerebral}} hemispheres, around the {{c1::third}} ventricle.
Published	02/10/2024	The diencephalon develops from the {{c1::diencephalic}} vesicle, part of {{c1::forebrain}} vesicle.
Published	02/10/2024	Structures found within the diencephalon are the {{c1::thalamus}}, {{c1::hypothalamus}}, {{c1::pituitary gland}}, {{c1::pineal gland}}.
Published	02/10/2024	All sensory information, general and special, synapses within the {{c1::thalamus}} found in the diencephalon.
Published	02/10/2024	The thalamus contains groups of nucleii ‒ {{c1::anterior}}, {{c1::medial}}, {{c1::lateral}}→ the {{c1::lateral}} group is involved in processing senso…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::hypothalamus}} lies below the thalamus separated from it by the {{c1::hypothalamic sulcus}}.→ the main {{c2::visceral}} control centre, esse…
Published	02/10/2024	The blood supply to the brain is via the two {{c1::ICA}} and the two {{c1::vertebral}} arteries
Published	02/10/2024	The two {{c1::ICA}} enter the brain through the {{c2::carotid canal}}
Published	02/10/2024	The two {{c1::vertebral}} arteries, branches of subclavian artery, enter the brain through the {{c2::foramen magnum}} forming the basilar artery
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c2::Circle of Willis}} is formed by:Three main arteries:[1] {{c1::Anterior cerebral arteries (terminal branches of the internal carotid arteries…
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Published	02/10/2024	The Circle of Willis is a protective feature against {{c1::vaso-occlusion}} of large arteries.The branches supplying the cerebral hemispheres, di…
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Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::anterior cerebral}} artery supplies the {{c2::medial}} aspect of cerebral hemispheres excluding {{c2::occipital lobe}}.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::middle cerebral}} artery supplies the {{c2::lateral}} aspect of cerebral hemispheres
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::posterior cerebral}} artery supplies the {{c2::inferior}} aspect of cerebral hemispheres and {{c2::occipital}} lobe
Published	02/10/2024	The superficial and deep veins of the brain drain into {{c1::dural venous sinuses}} which lie between 2 layers of dura mater.
Published	02/10/2024	All the dural venous sinuses join together to ultimately drain into the {{c1::internal jugular vein}}.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::superior sagittal}} sinus resides in the {{c2::base of the falx cerebri}}
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::inferior sagittal}} sinus resides in the {{c2::free border of the falx cerebri}}
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::cavernous}} sinus is situated on both sides of the {{c2::sella turcica}} of the sphenoid bone of the skull.
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::transverse}} sinus travels in the base of the {{c2::tentorium cerebelli}}, along the occipital bone, terminating at the {{c2::confluence of …
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::sigmoid}} sinuses course along the posterior cranial fossa, originating from the {{c2::transverse}} sinuses and ending in the jugular forame…
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::straight}} sinus lies within the {{c2::posterior end of the falx cerebri}} and in the {{c2::middle of the tentorium cerebelli}}.
Published	02/10/2024	The terminal parts of the dural venous sinuses are the {{c1::sigmoid}} sinuses
Published	02/10/2024	The sinuses forming the confluence of sinuses are the {{c1::(Transverse sinus, Occipital sinus, Superior sagittal sinus, Straight …
Published	02/10/2024	The four dural folds/reflections are:[1] {{c1::Falx cerebri}} ‒ separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres.[2] {{c1::Tentorium cerebelli}} ‒ se…
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Falx cerebri}} is a fold of dura mater that separates the {{c2::right and left cerebral hemispheres.}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Tentorium cerebelli}} is a fold of dura mater that separates {{c2::the occipital lobes from the cerebellum.}}
Published	02/10/2024	Which cranial nerves pass through the cavernous sinus?{{c1::Abducens CN VI}}
Published	02/10/2024	Which cranial nerves pass in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus?{{c1::CN III, IV, V1 and V2}}
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Published	02/10/2024	Cerebral hemispheres have {{c1::grey}} matter on the surface and {{c1::white}} matter inside
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Basal Ganglia/Nuclei}} are collection of neuronal cell bodies buried in the white matter of the cerebral hemispheres
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Published	02/10/2024	The bridge that connects the two cerebral hemispheres is known as {{c1::corpus callosum}}
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::precentral}} gyrus is where the primary {{c2::motor}} cortex is located on the frontal lobe
Published	02/10/2024	The {{c1::postcentral}} gyrus is where the primary {{c2::sensory}} cortex is located on parietal lobe
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