Notes in Respiratory Structure & Function

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	09/25/2023	{{c1::Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH)}}: defect in diaphragm allows abdominal organs to migrate into chest → compressing and inhibiting growth o…
Published	09/25/2023	{{c1::Pulmonary Hypoplasia}}: Underdevelopment of the lungs, which can be due to various causes, including CDH, oligohydramnios, or thoracic abnormali…
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation}} (CCAM) or {{c2::Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation}} (CPAM): cystic lesions in lungs that can…
Published	09/25/2023	{{c1::Pulmonary Sequestration}}: A portion of lung tissue that does not function properly because it is not connected to the airway system and usually…
Published	09/25/2023	{{c1::Bronchogenic Cysts}}: cysts that arise from embryonic foregut and can cause compression of surrounding structures
Published	09/26/2023	Tracheal {{c1::Atresia}}: A congenital condition where the trachea fails to develop.Bronchial {{c1::Atresia}}: A portion of the bronchial tree is abno…
Published	09/25/2023	{{c1::Tracheoesophageal Fistula (TEF)}}: Abnormal connection between the esophagus and trachea.
Published	09/25/2023	Lobar {{c1::Emphysema}} or Congenital Lobar {{c1::Overinflation}}: One or more lobes of the lungs are overinflated, leading to compression of the adja…
Published	09/25/2023	Fetal breathing movements begin {{c1::before::after/before}} birth
Published	09/25/2023	Primary function of the lung & respiratory system is {{c1::gas exchange}}→ oxygenation: transport of atmospheric {{c2::O2}} into the blood to…
Published	09/26/2023	Function of Respiratory Systemprotection → airways: mucus, cilia ({{c5::mucociliary}} elevator) → alveoli: {{c4::macrophages}} → circulation: filters …
Published	09/26/2023	Respiratory system entails ALL elements required to... → move air from the atmosphere to {{c2::alveoli}} and move carbon dioxide back to atmosphere → …
Published	10/10/2023	right lung has {{c1::3::#}} lobes and {{c1::2::#}} fissures*right lung is also bigger Upper Respiratory Tract (URT) = {{c3::nose}}, {{c3::pharynx…
Published	09/25/2023	lung bud becomes separated from foregut through a {{c1::tracheoesophageal}} septum the cartilaginous, muscular, and connective tissue compon…
Published	09/26/2023	stages of pulmonary development"Every Pulmonologist Can See Alveoli"{{c1::embryonic}} stage (weeks 4-7) - lung {{c2::bud}} → trachea → bronchial …
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Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::pulmonary}} arteries are the only arteries in the body that carry {{c2::deoxygenated}} blood{{c1::pulmonary}} veins are the only veins in the bo…
Published	09/26/2023	chest wall - bones- rigid cage is formed {{c1::sternum}}, {{c1::ribs}}, and {{c1::vertebral column}} → supports lungs  - ribs are oriented s…
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::diaphragm}} is the most important muscle for normal inspiration
Published	09/26/2023	muscles of {{c5::inspiration}}diaphragm - innervated by {{c2::phrenic}} nerve from {{c1::C3-C5}} spinal cord levels → contracts and moves do…
Published	09/26/2023	muscles of expiration- no primary muscles of expiration... essentially just relaxation of {{c1::inspiratory}} muscles*passive during quiet respiration…
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Published	09/26/2023	pleura- thin layers of tissue around lungs→ {{c2::visceral}} pleura: lining on lung → {{c2::parietal}} pleura: lines inside of che…
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Published	09/26/2023	most important histological difference between trachea/bronchi and {{c1::bronchiole}} is {{c2::cartilage}}, which is absent in {{c1::bronchioles}}&nbs…
Published	09/26/2023	structure of airways*23 generationsconducting zone: generations 1-16, helpful in moving air in and out of lung- {{c2::trachea}} splits at {{c1::carina…
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::conducting}} zone of airways considered the {{c2::anatomical deadspace}} because no gas exchange occurs here
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Published	09/26/2023	conducting zone- conducting airways that move air from trachea to {{c1::terminal}} bronchiole via {{c2::convection}} (aka. {{c4::bulk}} flow)*{{c4::bu…
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Published	09/26/2023	the {{c1::expiratory::expiratory/inspiratory}} wheezing in asthma/COPD patients is heard due to air passing through {{c2::narrow::narrow/dilated}} air…
Published	09/26/2023	autonomic tone of conducting airways- conducting airways have smooth muscle with both sympathetic and parasympathetic tone:*sympathetic ({{c1::adrener…
Published	09/26/2023	Vascular Supply*lung has dual vascular supply: systemic and pulmonary  {{c14::pulmonary arteries}} accompany airways, bring {{c15::deoxygenated}}…
Published	09/26/2023	lung receives {{c1::100}}% of cardiac output of right side of heart
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Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::respiratory}} bronchioles are the first branchings of the bronchial tree to have gas exchange capability
Published	09/26/2023	{{c1::Alveoli}} have the highest surface area of gas exchange
Published	09/26/2023	Air moves OUT of the lungs when the pressure inside the lung is {{c1::more::more/less}} than atmospheric pressure
Published	09/26/2023	A 69-year-old male with emphysema has a {{c1::high::high/low}} lung compliance
Published	10/10/2023	lymphatics*2 lymphatic drainage systems: - {{c1::superficial}} lymphatic drainage present along pleural surface and drain surfaces just bene…
Published	10/09/2023	Respiratory Zone- consists of respiratory bronchioles, alveolar {{c2::ducts}}, and alveolar {{c2::sacs}}... where {{c1::gas exchange}} takes plac…
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Published	09/26/2023	Capillaries (network)- very small {{c3::diameter}} (fragile) but large in {{c3::number}}... approx. 280 billion pulmonary capillaries - completely env…
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Published	09/26/2023	Alveolar-Capillary Unit- site of {{c1::gas exchange}} in lung- blood-{{c2::air/gas}} barrier is thin and has an area of 50-100 m2 of surface area…
Published	09/26/2023	Generation of pressure gradient- {{c1::lungs}} are not capable of inflating themselves→ {{c3::muscles}} of respiration must provide force for inflatio…
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Published	09/26/2023	Trans{{c2::mural}} Pressure (PTM)*aka trans-{{c1::pulmonary}} pressure- the pressure that is overall acting on {{c3::alveoli}} → affects directio…
Published	09/26/2023	Normal Breathing Cycle- Rest (A): alveolar pressure is 0 → {{c1::no flow}} - Inspiration (B): alveolar pressure is negative → air {{c2::in}} *due…
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Published	09/26/2023	Compliance - a measure of {{c1::distensibility}}... change in {{c2::volume}} over change in {{c2::pressure}}*inverse of compliance is {{c3::…
Published	09/26/2023	below FRC, {{c1::chest wall expasion}} force overpowers {{c2::lung collapsing}} force → more likely to expandabove FRC, {{c2::lung collapsing}} force …
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Published	09/26/2023	compliance is {{c1::high}} in emphysema, {{c1::low}} in fibrosis
Published	09/26/2023	Thoracic cavity- enclosed laterally by {{c1::costae}}, anteriorly by the {{c2::sternum}}, posteriorly by the {{c3::vertebral column}}, and inferiorly …
Published	09/26/2023	Right and left pulmonary cavities- {{c1::pleura}} line inside of thoracic cavity and line the lungs - lungs are the organs of {{c3::respiration}} → l…
Published	10/09/2023	during week 3, {{c1::lateral plate}} mesoderm divides into two layers: → {{c2::parietal}} mesoderm... develops into {{c2::parietal}} layers of pleura …
Published	09/26/2023	Innervation of the lungs and pleura → lungs and visceral pleura supplied by {{c2::pulmonary plexus}} → parietal pleura supplied by {{c1::intercostal}}…
Published	09/26/2023	the diaphragm is musculo{{c1::tendinous}}, has pericardium in center, curves as high as {{c2::5th}} intercostal space and {{c2::5th}} rib*in…
Published	09/26/2023	visceral and parietal layers are continuous in the hilum → forms the {{c1::pulmonary}} ligamenta {{c2::bronchopulmonary}} segment is the largest subdi…
Published	09/26/2023	surface markings of the lung- {{c3::Left}} lung:  2nd rib, 4th rib, 6th rib, 6th rib, 8th rib, 10th rib, 10th rib- {{c3::Right}} lung:  2nd …
Published	10/09/2023	V/Q ratios of the lungtop of lungs - {{c1::high}} V/Qlower {{c3::blood perfusion}} here bottom of lungs - {{c2::low}} V/Qhigher {{c3::blood per…
Published	10/09/2023	V/Q mismatch is most common cause of {{c1::hypoxemia}} → ventilation without perfusion (physiological {{c5::deadspace}}): air is there but no blo…
Published	10/09/2023	diagnostic testing for {{c1::hypoxia}}- pulse ox- ABG- CXR / CT- V/Q scan- PFT- EKG / echo- bronchoscopy- hemoglobin ele…
Published	10/09/2023	{{c1::Central}} receptors on the ventral side of medulla senses change in pH of CSF{{c2::Peripheral}} receptors are in aortic arch and carotid bo…
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