Notes in 23 Anti-Diabetes

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::2::Number}} interchain disulfide bridges connecting A chain and B chain
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::1::Number}} intrachain disulfide bridge within the A chain
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::connecting peptide (C-peptide)}} is the marker for endogenous insulin production
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Degradation site of endogenous insulin1. Liver 2. Kidney {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Degradation site of exogenous insulin1. Liver 2. Kidney {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Glucose TransportersAll tissues, RBCsA. GLUT1B. GLUT2C. GLUT3D. GLUT4E. GLUT5{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Glucose TransportersB cells of pancreas; liver, kidneyA. GLUT1B. GLUT2C. GLUT3D. GLUT4E. GLUT5{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Glucose TransportersBrain, placentaA. GLUT1B. GLUT2C. GLUT3D. GLUT4E. GLUT5{{c1::C}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Glucose TransportersMuscle, adiposeA. GLUT1B. GLUT2C. GLUT3D. GLUT4E. GLUT5{{c1::D}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Glucose TransportersGut, kidneyA. GLUT1B. GLUT2C. GLUT3D. GLUT4E. GLUT5{{c1::E}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Glucose TransportersInsulin-mediated uptake of glucoseA. GLUT1B. GLUT2C. GLUT3D. GLUT4E. GLUT5{{c1::D}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Glucose TransportersRegulation of insulin releaseA. GLUT1B. GLUT2C. GLUT3D. GLUT4E. GLUT5{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Insulin production is mediated by which GLUT transporter?{{c1::GLUT2}}
Published	07/30/2024	As insulin is already pre-formed in the secretory granules, the beta cells only need to release it via degranulation facilitated by {{c1::Ca+}} channe…
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Glucose uptake to B cells 2. ATP {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Glucose uptake to B cells 2. K efflux {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Glucose uptake to B cells 2. Ca influx{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Actively insulin-secreting B cells1. Depolarized state2. Hyperpolarized state{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	What type of receptors are insulin receptors?{{c1::Tyrosine kinase}}
Published	07/30/2024	Secondary messengers of insluin receptor that allow GLUT4 transporter translocation to cell membrane{{c1::ATP}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Insuline receptor - Carry the insulin binding site1. Alpha subunit2. Beta subunit{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Insulin receptor - tyrosine kinase activity1. Alpha subunit2. Beta subunit{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Insulin receptor - Extracellular1. Alpha subunit2. Beta subunit{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Insulin function 1. Synthesis 2. Breakdown{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Insulin2. Glycogenesis{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Insulin2. Glycogenolysis{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Insulin2. Ketogenesis{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Insulin2. Gluconeogenesis{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Give the threshold cut-off value for high likelihood of DM CPG: {{c2::>200}}FPG: {{c2::>126}}75g OGTT: {{c1::>200}}HbA1c:…
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Ominous octet2. Insulin secretion {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Ominous octet2. Incretin Effect{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Ominous octet2. Glucose uptake in muscle{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Ominous octet2. Neurotransmitter function{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Ominous octet2. Lipolysis{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Ominous octet2. Glucose reabsorption of the kidneys{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Ominous octet2. Glucagon secretion{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Ominous octet2. Hepatic Glucose Production{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Somatostatin 2. GI motility {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Somatostatin 2. Hormone secretion {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Amylin2. Glucagon{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Amylin2. Gastric emptying{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Epinephrine2. Blood sugar{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. Cortisol2. Gluconeogenesis{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. GLP-12. Insulin secretion{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. GLP-12. Gastric emptying{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Enumerate rapid acting insulin analogs {{c1::LisproAspartGlusine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Enumerate long acting insulin analogs {{c1::DetemirDegludecGlargine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Enumerate GLP1 analogs{{c1::ExenatideLiraglutideLixisenatideSemaglutide}}
Published	07/30/2024	Oral insulin agent that is approved for gestational DM{{c1::Metformin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Two types/pattern of insulin{{c1::Continuous basal (50%)Prandial secretion (50%)}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. 24-hr effect1. Basal insulin 2. Bolus insulin {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Consistent onset1. Basal insulin 2. Bolus insulin {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Indication for Insulin therapy px{{c1::Type 1 DMGestational DM Some Type 2 DM}}
Published	07/30/2024	Short acting human insulin Route of Administration {{c2::Subcutaneous / IM}}Onset{{c1::½ to 1 hour}}Duration {{c1::4-6 hours}}
Published	07/30/2024	Intermediate acting insulin Drug {{c2::Neutral protamine hagedorn}}Onset {{c2::10-16 hrs}}Associated risk at night intake{{c1::Nocturna…
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Risk for nocturnal hypoglycemia1. Short acting human insulin 2. Intermediate acting human insulin {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Faster onset action 1. Short-acting human insulin 2. Rapid acting insulin analog {{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Rapid acting insulin analogs Onset{{c2::5-15 mins}}Peak{{c2::30 mins- 1 hr}}Optimal time of SC injection {{c1::15 mins before meal}}
Published	07/30/2024	Rapid acting insulin analogsInsulin Lispro Proline at B{{c3::29}}Lysine at B{{c3::28}} Insulin AspartProline replaced by {{c2::Aspart::AA}}I…
Published	07/30/2024	Glargine Addition to B-chain carboxyl terminal{{c2::Two arginine molecules}}pH Solubility {{c2::pH 4}}Onset{{c1::1-1.5 hrs}}Duration&nb…
Published	07/30/2024	Detemir Additional to B29 lysine {{c2::Myristic acid (prolonged availability)}}pH Solubility {{c2::7}}Onset {{c1::1-2 hrs}}Duratio…
Published	07/30/2024	DegludecAddition to lysine B29{{c2::Hexadecanoic acid}}Onset{{c1::30-90 mins }}Duration {{c1::>42 hrs}}
Published	07/30/2024	Long acting insulin drug with longest duration {{c1::Degludec}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Mimics normal prandial insulin secretion1. Bolus insulin 2. Basal insulin {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Perfect Insulin strategy for Type 1 DM patients {{c1::1 injection of long acting insulin analog3 injections of rapid acting insulin analog every …
Published	07/30/2024	Drug combination in Split-Mixed Regimen for Human Insulin {{c1::NPH administration in morning and evening (smllader dose)Regular insuln administr…
Published	07/30/2024	Premixed insulin Preparation components{{c2::70% Protaminated (Longer Acting Component)30% Rapid Acting Insulin}}Number of injection per day&nbsp…
Published	07/30/2024	Avoid injecting near the {{c1::umbilical::abdomen region}} area because the space is more vascular
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Regular insulin 1. Insulin syringe preparation2. Insulin pen preparation {{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	For hypotensive patients, {{c1::IV}} route is being used
Published	07/30/2024	T or FMuscle is NOT a preferred site for insulin injection site {{c1::True}}
Published	07/30/2024	Preferred site of insulin injection {{c1::Subcutaneous - abdomen}}
Published	07/30/2024	Arrange in the prefence of injection site - descending order: Upper arm, thighs, Abdomen, buttocks {{c1::Abdominal wall > upper arm > butto…
Published	07/30/2024	Give possible complications of insulin therapy {{c1::HypoglycemiaWeight gain Insulin lipodystrophyInsulin allergy Insulin resistance}}
Published	07/30/2024	Sulfonylureas GeneralitiesIndication {{c2::Type 2 DM monotherapy }}MOA{{c2::Closing ATP-sensitive K+ channels}}Contraindication {{c1::H…
Published	07/30/2024	Give 1st Gen Sulfonylureas{{c1::TolbutamideAcetohexamideTolazamideChlorpropamide}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. 1st Gen SulfonylureaHighest potencyA. TolbutamideB. AcetohexamideC. TolazamideD. Chlorpropamide{{c1::D}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. 1st Gen SulfonylureaHighest duration of actionA. TolbutamideB. AcetohexamideC. TolazamideD. Chlorpropamide{{c1::D}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. 1st Gen SulfonylureaInactive metaboliteA. TolbutamideB. AcetohexamideC. TolazamideD. Chlorpropamide{{c1::A and C}}
Published	07/30/2024	First Gen Sulfonylurea with lowest potency and duration {{c1::Tolbutamide}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Potency 1. 1st gen sulfonylurea2. 2nd gen sulfonylurea{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Highest potency drug among 2nd gen sulfonylyrea{{c1::Glimepiride}}
Published	07/30/2024	Enumerate 2nd gen sulfonylurea{{c1::GlibenclamideGlipizideGliclazideGlimepiride}}
Published	07/30/2024	2nd gen sulfonylurea with high tendency to cause hypoglycemia {{c1::Glibenclamide}}
Published	07/30/2024	2nd gen sulfonylurea that is/are excreted through kidneys {{c1::GlibenclamideGlimepiride}}
Published	07/30/2024	2nd gen sulfonylurea that has potential to cause hypoglycemia{{c1::Glyburide}}
Published	07/30/2024	Metformin MOA in ff. tissuesLiver{{c2::Stimulate AMPK to block gluconeogenesis}}Muscle and adipose{{c1::Increase glucose intake}}
Published	07/30/2024	Metformin No. dose per day {{c2::2 - 3x}}Indication {{c2::Mild to moderate type 2 DM}}Other use besides DM px{{c1::PCOS}}Contraindicati…
Published	07/30/2024	Metformin is most commonly combined with {{c1::sulfonylurea}} class of anti-diabetic drug
Published	07/30/2024	Long term use adverse effect of Metformin {{c1::Vit B12 deficiency}}
Published	07/30/2024	Metformin adverse effects{{c1::GIT disurbanceAnorexiaNauseaLactate accumulation and acidosisVitamin B12 deficiency}}
Published	07/30/2024	Enumerate Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors {{c1::AcarboseVogliboseMiglitol}}
Published	07/30/2024	Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors GeneralitiesMOA{{c2::Reduce intestinal absorption of starch, dextrin, and disaccharide }}Timing of injection relativ…
Published	07/30/2024	MOA of ThiazolidinedionesTransport enzyme increased{{c3::GLUT 4 transporters via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)}}Insulin sen…
Published	07/30/2024	Thiazolidinediones GeneralitiesOrgan metabolism site{{c2::Liver}}Excretion route{{c2::Urine and Feces}}Adverse effect{{c1::Weight gain Osteoporos…
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Pioglitazone1. PPAR-α agonists2. PPAR-𝛾 agonists{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	PioglitazoneMOA {{c2::Minor effect on PPAR-α; Predominant PPAR-𝛾}}Indication {{c2::T2DM but additive}}Adverse effect{{c1::Bladder cancer wit…
Published	07/30/2024	Rosiglitazone MOA {{c2::Agonist on PPAR-𝛾 only }}Adverse effect{{c1::Greater CV risk than Pioglitazone}}
Published	07/30/2024	In DM, there are {{c1::decreased::INC or DEC}} levels of GLP1
Published	07/30/2024	T or FGLP1 Agonists are resistant to breakdown by DPP4 enzyme{{c1::True}}
Published	07/30/2024	GLP1 receptor agonist suffixes{{c1::-glutide-natide}}
Published	07/30/2024	GLP1 Receptor Agonist GeneraltiesAlpha cell effect{{c2::DEC glucagon secretion }}Beta cell effect{{c2::INC insulin secretion}}Sateity{{c2::Increa…
Published	07/30/2024	Only GLP-1 agonist with an oral formulation{{c1::Semaglutide}}
Published	07/30/2024	Consists of two GLP-1 analog molecules{{c1::Dulaglutide}}
Published	07/30/2024	GLP1 receptor agonist that is/are a derivative of exendin-4{{c1::ExenatideLixisenatide}}
Published	07/30/2024	GLP1 agonist with longest half life {{c1::Semaglutide SC > Semaglutide Oral}}
Published	07/30/2024	VR1. DPP4 activity 2. GLP1 secretion{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	DPP4 Inhibitors Effect on GLP1{{c2::Prolong action }}Adverse effect{{c1::NasopharyngitisUpper respiratory infection Allergic reactionHe…
Published	07/30/2024	DPP4 Inhibitors suffix{{c1::-agliptin}}
Published	07/30/2024	DPP4 inhibitor with longest half life {{c1::Linagliptin}}
Published	07/30/2024	DPP4 inhibitor with shortest half life {{c1::Saxagliptin}}
Published	07/30/2024	DPP4 inhibitor eliminated in biliary {{c1::Linagliptin}}
Published	07/30/2024	DPP4 inhibitor eliminated in hepatic {{c1::Saxagliptin}}
Published	07/30/2024	DPP4 inhibitor eliminated in hepatic and renal {{c1::Vildagliptin}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Oral 1. GLP1 analog2. DPP4 inibitor{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Parenteral1. GLP1 analog2. DPP4 inibitor{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Increase both GLP-1 and GIP1. GLP1 analog2. DPP4 inibitor{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Greater HbA1c reduction1. GLP1 analog2. DPP4 inibitor{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	QC. Weight loss1. GLP1 analog2. DPP4 inibitor{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	Major Glucose transporters in PCT {{c1::SLGT2 transporter}}
Published	07/30/2024	Dapagliflozin selectively inhibits {{c1::SGLT2}} in the renal proximal tubule
Published	07/30/2024	Anti Diabetic drugs that cause weight gain{{c1::SulfonylureaTZD}}
Published	07/30/2024	Anti Diabetic drugs that cause weight loss{{c1::MetforminGLP1SGLT2 inhibitor}}
Published	07/30/2024	Anti diabetic class drug that can be used just for the purpose of heart failure management{{c1::SGLT 2 inhibitor}}
Published	07/30/2024	SGLT2 inbitorGlucosoria threshold {{c3::70-90 mg/dL}}Adverse effect{{c2::Genital mycotic infection UTIOsmotic diuresisDEC mineral density}}C…
Published	07/30/2024	SGLT2 inhibitor suffix{{c1::-agliflozin}}
Published	07/30/2024	First-line drug for DM management {{c1::Metformin}}
Published	07/30/2024	2nd line drug for DM management{{c1::GLP1-RA and SGLT2i}}
Published	07/30/2024	Last resortment drug for DM management{{c1::SulfonylureaGLN}}
Published	07/30/2024	Drug class to give to delay CHO breakdown {{c1::A-glucosidase inhibitor (Acarbose)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Drug class to give to with px that have defective beta cell function {{c1::SulfonylureaGLP1 agonistDPP4 inhibitiorGlinide}}
Published	07/30/2024	Drug class that prevent hepatic gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis{{c1::Metformin TZDs}}
Published	07/30/2024	Drug class that suppress glucagon{{c1::GLP1 agonistDPP4 inhibitor}}
Published	07/30/2024	Drug classes that improve insulin sensitivity {{c1::Metformin TZD}}
Published	07/30/2024	Drug class to give to counteract excess lipolysis{{c1::Metformin TZD}}
Published	07/30/2024	Drug class to delay Gastric emptying time {{c1::GLP1 agonist DPP4 inhibitorPramlintide}}
Published	07/30/2024	Included in Whipple's Triad?{{c1::Signs and symptoms of hypoglycemiaLow plasma glucose <70 mg/dLRelief of symptoms when plasma glucose is raised}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Physiologic response to hypoglycemia Coma and convulsionsA. 60-65 mg/dLB. 50-55 mg/dLC. 45-50 mg/dLD. ~35 mg/dL{{c1::D}}
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Physiologic response to hypoglycemia Impaired cognition Neuroglycopenic symptomsA. 60-65 mg/dLB. 50-55 mg/dLC. 45-50 mg/dLD.&…
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Physiologic response to hypoglycemia Experience tremors, anxiety, palpitationA. 60-65 mg/dLB. 50-55 mg/dLC. 45-50 mg/dLD.&nbs…
Published	07/30/2024	CBA. Physiologic response to hypoglycemia Autonomic autoregulation via hormonal responsesA. 60-65 mg/dLB. 50-55 mg/dLC. 45-50 mg/d…
Published	07/30/2024	Preferred treatment of MILD hypoglycemia {{c1::Glucose 15-20 g - 1 tbsp of sugar mixed in water}}
Published	07/30/2024	Management for moderate to severe hypoglycemia{{c1::20-50mL of 50% glucose solution via IV infusion over a period of 2-3 minutes}}
Published	07/30/2024	Glucagon GeneralitiesHalf-life{{c2::3-6 mins}}Indication {{c2::Severe hypoglycemic px with type 1 DMDepressed heart function}}MOA{{c2::Acting thr…
Published	07/30/2024	Diazoxide GeneralitiesOral or IV form {{c2::Oral}}MOA{{c2::Inhibit insulin release}}Indication {{c1::Prevent hypoglycemia in insulinomas}}
Published	07/30/2024	OctreotideAnalog hormone {{c2::Somatostatin}}Indication{{c1::insulinomas glucagonomas}}
Status	Last Update	Fields