Notes in Exam II

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Published	04/08/2025	Describe how to get a stimulus to the primary somatosensory cortex via the "classical" pathway
Published	04/08/2025	What structures of the central nervous system comprise the generalized "classical" pathway taken for sensory signals to reach conscious perception?
Published	04/08/2025	Fibers responsible for transmitting {{c1:: touch and proprioception}} are {{c2::Aα}} and {{c2::Aβ}} fibers. Fibers responsible for transmitt…
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Aα and Aβ}} fibers are {{c2::large in diameter}} and {{c2::heavily myelinated}} while {{c1::Aδ and C fibers}} are {{c2::smal…
Published	04/08/2025	What components of a stimulus can be encoded by a sensory receptor? (3)
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Proprioception}} is the sense of relative position of body parts; to the environment, gravity, or other body parts. An {{c2::intrafusal}} muscle…
Published	04/08/2025	A {{c3::receptive field}} is an area perceived to be activated by a stimulus. {{c1::Small}} {{c3::receptive field}}={{c2::more precise}} perception. {…
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Dermatome}}=region of skin innervated by a single dorsal root ganglion/spinal nerve.You can locate a specific spinal nerve lesion by using the {…
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Conscious}} proprioception goes to the {{c2::contralateral}} {{c2::cerebral cortex}}, while {{c1::subconscious}} proprioception goes to the {{c2…
Published	04/08/2025	DCML Pathway:1: Afferent information from periphery travels through {{c1::dorsal columns}} to {{c1::caudal brainstem nuclei}}.2: Ascending information…
Published	04/08/2025	All sensory information (except smell) must be processed by the {{c1::thalamus}} before being sent to the {{c1::cerebral cortex}} for interpretation.
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Somatotopic organization}} is the orderly and specific relation between particular body regions and corresponding motor areas of the brain. The …
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Ataxia}} is the lack of coordinated voluntary movement. A lesion of the general {{c1::proprioceptive}} system can result in {{c1::ataxia}} becau…
Published	04/08/2025	{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5358:top=.1684:width=.102:height=.2254:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5361:top=.4378:width=.102:height=.2254:…
Published	04/08/2025	Define/describe the following: {{c1::Nociception}}: {{c2::sensory modality that is triggered by a noxious stimulus}}{{c1::Pain}}: {{c2::sensory a…
Published	04/08/2025	What is pain dependent on?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the structures invovled in the spinothalamic pathway?
Published	04/08/2025	What are some differences between the spinothalamic and DCML pathways?
Published	04/08/2025	What are two reasons for why loss of nociception is a poor prognostic sign?
Published	04/08/2025	What makes motor fibers more susceptible to damage when compared with nociceptor fibers?
Published	04/08/2025	How do cranial, caudal, and lesions at the level of nociceptive input affact the withdrawl reflex and perception?
Published	04/08/2025	Define/describe: {{c1::Physiologic}} pain: {{c2::acute; recedes with healing; protective}}{{c1::Pathologic}} pain: {{c2::chronic; persists after …
Published	04/08/2025	What type of pain is specific to sensitization of direct injury to nervous system tissues?
Published	04/08/2025	{{c2::Pain}} is an {{c1::interpretation of discomfort that is not necessarily related to inputs}}{{c2::Visceral pain}} is {{c1::poorly localized, poor…
Published	04/08/2025	Why is visceral pain sometimes perceived as referred pain?
Published	04/08/2025	{{c2::Local anesthetics}} work by blocking {{c1::voltage gated sodium channels}}, which prevents depolarzation and therefore {{c1::neurotransmission}}…
Published	04/08/2025	The basis of {{c1::voluntary movement}} is the {{c2::lower motor neuron}}. They are the only connection between the {{c1::CNS and …
Published	04/08/2025	Where are cell bodies and axons located for upper motor neurons and lower motor neurons?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the classic lower motor neuron signs of dysfunction? Why do these signs occur?
Published	04/08/2025	What is the impact of lower motor neuron disease on common reflex function? (ex: patellar, withdrawal, panniculus)
Published	04/08/2025	What is muscle tone?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the afferent and efferent components that create muscle tone?
Published	04/08/2025	What is the pathway that creates muscle tone?
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Renshaw cells}} are {{c2::inhibitory interneurons}} in the spinal cord that release {{c2::glycine}}. They utilize {{c1::recurrent inhi…
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::Recurrent inhibition}} occurs when {{c2::excitation by a motor neuron collaterally inhibits the original motor neuron}}
Published	04/08/2025	Why is recurrent inhibition important?
Published	04/08/2025	What strucutres do UMN descend through?
Published	04/08/2025	What are two roles (of four) for upper motor neurons in control of voluntary motor output?
Published	04/08/2025	Define/describe the following descending pathway groups: {{c2::Dorsolateral tracts}}: {{c1::skilled, fine movements for distal musculature/f…
Published	04/08/2025	What are two dorsolateral desceding pathways?
Published	04/08/2025	Diagram the lateral corticospinal pathway. Include five anatomical brain structures
Published	04/08/2025	What descending pathway is the most important for voluntary movement in domestic animals?
Published	04/08/2025	Where does the lateral corticospinal pathway decussate?
Published	04/08/2025	Brain strucutres for the lateral corticospinal pathway include the crura cerebri, pons, and meduallary pyramids. What region of the brain are these st…
Published	04/08/2025	Beginning at the red nucleus, what are the 3 neurons of the rubrospinal pathway?
Published	04/08/2025	For the rubrospinal pathway, at what level of the brain does the red nucleus originate from, and decussate?
Published	04/08/2025	Where do the two reticulospinal tracts originate from?
Published	04/08/2025	Where does the vestibulospinal tract receive its sensory information? What type of sensory information is it?
Published	04/08/2025	Where in the brain does the vestibulospinal nuclei originate from?
Published	04/08/2025	{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0043:top=.2775:width=.2773:height=.0963}}{{c3::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0038:top=.383:width=.2779:height=.2053}}{{c…
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5835:top=.0522:width=.1624:height=.0436:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.8194:top=.1536:width=.1547:height=.046…
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0552:top=.3763:width=.1906:height=.0495:oi=1}}{{c2::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4359:top=.673:width=.1906:height=.0495…
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6181:top=.2232:width=.1944:height=.0519:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0403:top=.4079:width=.1944:height=.051…
Published	04/08/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3752:top=.7009:width=.1892:height=.0507:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4155:top=.8372:width=.1892:height=.050…
Published	04/08/2025	The input to the cerebellum includes {{c1::proprioceptive information}} from the {{c2::spinocerebellar tract}} and {{c2::vestibulocerebellar…
Published	04/08/2025	What are three inputs to the cerebellum? Are the inputs excitatory or inhibitory?
Published	04/08/2025	The {{c1::Purkinje axon}} is the only output from the {{c2::cerebellar cortex}}, and it is {{c3::inhibitory}}.
Published	04/08/2025	The fibers from {{c1::deep cerebellar nuclei}} are the only output from the {{c2::cerebellum}}. They have {{c3::tonic}} activity.
Published	04/08/2025	What are the functions of the cerebellum in motor control?
Published	04/08/2025	Describe the flow of information from the cerebral cortex to the basal nuclei and back to the cerebral cortex.
Published	04/08/2025	The generation of gait consists of two components: the {{c1::postural}} phase and the {{c1::swing (I and II)}} phase. The {{c1::postura…
Published	04/08/2025	What is the central pattern generator?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the signs of an UMN lesion? (4)
Published	04/08/2025	What are the classic signs of cerebellar dysfunction?
Published	04/08/2025	What are the classic signs of vestibular dysfunction?
Published	04/08/2025	Nystagmus is the {{c1::involuntary rhythmic oscillation of eyes}}. {{c2::Physiological}} nystagmus occurs with normal head {{c3::movement}},…
Published	04/08/2025	How can you determine if the lesion is a motor cortex/basal nuclei lesion, brainstem lesion, or cerebellar lesion?
Published	04/08/2025	What is the function of the substantia nigra? Where does it interface with the basal nuclei?
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