Notes in 49 Management of Patients with Fluid & Electrolyte Disturbances

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Published	12/13/2023	Osmotic pressure is dependent only on the number of {{c1::nondiffusable}} solute particles.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Hypotonic}} solutions {{c1::increase}} cell volume.
Published	12/13/2023	Na and K are exchanged by the Na+/K+-ATPase pump in a {{c1::3:2}} ratio.
Published	12/13/2023	The two major cations of intracellular fluid are {{c1::potassium}} and {{c1::magnesium}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The major intracellular anions are {{c1::proteins}} and {{c1::phosphates}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Most interstitial water interacts with extracellular {{c1::proteoglycans}} to form the {{c2::endothelial glycocalyx::gel}}.
Published	12/13/2023	A normal plasma osmolarity is approximately {{c1::280}} mOsm/L.
Published	12/13/2023	Alcohol poisoning will result in an elevated {{c1::osmolal gap}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Increased atrial stretch suppresses the secretion of {{c2::ADH}} and increases the secretion of {{c1::atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Thirst}} is the long-term defense mechanism against hyperosmolality and hypernatremia.
Published	12/13/2023	In {{c1::central}} diabetes insipidus, there is a failure of {{c2::ADH secretion}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What condition is caused by hypersecretion of ADH?{{c1::SIADH}}
Published	12/13/2023	What is the best initial treatment for mild SIADH?{{c1::Fluid restriction ± salt tablets}}
Published	12/13/2023	The treatment for cerebral salt wasting is {{c1::normal or hypertonic saline}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Cerebral salt wasting is caused by excess secretion of {{c1::natriuretic peptides}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Demeclocycline}} is an antibiotic that is used to treat SIADH because it antagonizes {{c1::ADH}} activity at the renal tubules.
Published	12/13/2023	What complication may result from correcting hyponatremia too quickly?{{c1::Osmotic demyelination syndrome (central pontine myelin…
Published	12/13/2023	Angiotensin II increases {{c2::Na+}} reabsorption in the {{c1::proximal renal tubules}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Spironolactone}} and {{c2::eplerenone}} are {{c1::aldosterone}} antagonists.
Published	12/13/2023	In the setting of {{c2::acidosis}}, activation of the H+/K+ pump can lead to {{c1::hyper}}kalemia.
Published	12/13/2023	Most EKG manifestations of hypokalemia are due to {{c1::delayed ventricular repolarization}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Neuromuscular effects of hypokalemia generally involve muscle {{c1::weakness}} or {{c1::paralysis}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Severe hyperkalemia manifests in a {{c1::sine-wave}} appearance on the EKG.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Calcium}} is administered in the setting of hyperkalemia in order to increase the {{c2::threshold potential}} and make the heart less irritable.
Published	12/13/2023	Treatment for urgent/emergent hyperkalemia involves the following:1. {{c1::IV insulin + glucose}}2. {{c2::Bicarbonate}}3. {{c3::Calcium}}4. {{c4::β ag…
Published	12/13/2023	Mild {{c1::hyper}}ventilation can be used to treat hyperkalemia.
Published	12/13/2023	What are the gastrointestinal signs of hypercalcemia?{{c1::Anorexia}}, {{c1::nausea}}, {{c1::vomiting}}
Published	12/13/2023	Hypercalcemia causes a {{c1::shortened QT interval}} on EKG.
Published	12/13/2023	What are the cardiovascular signs of hypercalcemia?{{c1::HTN}}
Published	12/13/2023	Treatment for symptomatic hypercalcemia focuses on rapid excretion of calcium via administration of {{c1::normal saline}} and {{c2::loop diuretics}}.&…
Published	12/13/2023	{{c3::Magnesium}} deficiencies may impair the secretion of {{c2::PTH}}, causing {{c1::hypo}}calcemia.
Published	12/13/2023	Massive transfusion can cause {{c1::hypo}}-calcemia.
Published	12/13/2023	Blood products contain the anticoagulant {{c1::citrate}}, which chelates {{c2::calcium}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Hypocalcemia manifests on EKG as a {{c1::prolonged QT interval}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::10% calcium chloride}} contains {{c1::27.2}} mg/mL of elemental calcium.
Published	12/13/2023	A normal magnesium level is {{c1::1.8}} to {{c1::2.5}} mg/dL.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Severe hyper}}magnesemia presents with neuromuscular depression, including {{c2::hypo}}reflexia, sedation, muscle weakness, and respiratory depr…
Published	12/13/2023	What is the dose of calcium gluconate to treat magnesium toxicity?{{c1::10 mL 10% calcium gluconate IV}}
Published	12/13/2023	Treatment of hypermagnesemia can focus on enhancing urinary excretion via {{c1::forced diuresis}}.
Published	12/13/2023	A normal serum sodium is {{c1::135}}-{{c1::145}} mEq/L.
Published	12/13/2023	A normal serum potassium is {{c1::3.5}}-{{c1::5.0}} mmol/L.
Published	12/13/2023	The major anions of extracellular fluid are {{c1::chloride}} and {{c1::bicarbonate}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Which fluid compartment contains more protein - interstitial fluid or plasma?{{c1::Plasma}}
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Osmosis}} is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Hypertonic}} solutions {{c2::decrease}} cell volume.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::10% calcium gluconate}} contains {{c1::9}} mg/mL of elemental calcium.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Osmotic pressure}} is the pressure that must be applied to a side in order to stop osmosis.
Published	12/13/2023	The U-wave is thought to be due to {{c1::delayed repolarization}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Hyper}}magnesemia causes neuromuscular weakness.
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