Notes in G27 Heart

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Published	11/02/2024	In what layer of the heart are coronary vessels found?{{c1::Epicardium}}
Published	11/02/2024	location of the apex of the heart
Published	11/02/2024	The pericardium is composed of {{c1::three}} layers: {{c1::a single fibrous layer and a bilaminar serous layer}}
Published	11/02/2024	The fibrous pericardium attaches to the {{c1::central tendon}} of the diaphragm.
Published	11/02/2024	The serous pericardium {{c1::prevents friction during heart movements::function}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c2::parietral}} layer of the {{c2::serous}} pericardium lines the internal wall of the {{c1::fibrous pericardium}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c1::visceral}} layer of the serous pericardium is a part of the {{c2::epicardium}} and contains {{c2::coronary vessels (within the subepicardium…
Published	11/02/2024	The visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium join near {{c1::to the great vessels.}} The {{c1::transverse and oblique pericardial sinuse…
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c1::pericardial cavity}} lies between the visceral and parietal serous pericardia and contains {{c1::serous fluid}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Blood supply of the pericardium:{{c1::pericardiacophrenic}} aa., branches of {{c1::internal thoracic}} aa.{{c1::pericardiacophrenic}} vv.
Published	11/02/2024	The pericardium is innervated by {{c1::the phrenic nn. (C3-C5)}} which refers pain to {{c1::the ipsilateral shoulder region and trapezial ridge (ie C3…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::pericardial effusion}} is the rapid accumulation of fluid in {{c2::the pericardial sac}}.It can result in {{c2::cardiac tamponade}} when excess …
Published	11/02/2024	Inflammation of the pericardium is known as {{c1::pericarditis}} and manifests as {{c1::chest pain and pericardial friction rub::symptom and sign}}.Pe…
Published	11/02/2024	The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart and contains {{c1::the visceral layer of the serous pericardium and subepicardial fat, coronary ves…
Published	11/02/2024	The endocardium consists of the {{c1::endothelial lining}} of the heart and {{c1::the subendothelial connective tissues}} of the heart chambers.
Published	11/02/2024	The skeleton of the heart consists of {{c1::four fibrous rings}} surrounding {{c1::orifices of the cardiac valves}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The skeleton of the heart provides {{c1::attachment and support}} for the myocardium as well as for {{c1::the leaflets and cusps of the valves}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The non-structural function of the cardiac skeleton is {{c1::insulatory}}. It provides {{c1::for independent contractions of the atria and ventricle a…
Published	11/02/2024	The apex of the heart is formed by the {{c1::tip of the left ventricle}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The anterior border of the heart is also known as the {{c1::sternocostal surface}}. It mainly consists of {{c1::the right ventricle}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c2::diaphragmatic}} surface of the heart mainly consists of {{c1::the left ventricle with some portion of the right ventricle}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The left and right ventricles of the heart are separated by the {{c1::posterior interventricular sulcus}} at the diaphragmatic surface.
Published	11/02/2024	The left pulmonary surface of the heart faces the {{c1::left lung}} and consists mainly of the {{c1::left ventricle}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The right pulmonary surface of the heart faces the {{c1::right lung}} and consists primarily of {{c1::the right atrium}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The base of the heart is formed primarily by {{c1::the left atrium and a small portion of the right atrium}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Associated structures of the superior border of the heart include {{c1::the SVC, the ascending aorta, and the pulmonary trunk::(3)}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c1::coronary/atrioventricular sulcus}} is a groove that delineates the {{c2::separation of the atria and the ventricles}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c2::anterior and posterior interventricular sulci}} are surface grooves that delineate the {{c1::interventricular septum}} of the heart.
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c1::coronary sinus, SVC and IVC}} carry deoxygenated blood to the right atrium of the heart.
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c1::pulmonary trunk}} exits the {{c2::right ventricle}} and carries {{c1::deoxygenated}} blood to the lungs. It divides into {{c1::right and lef…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Pulmonary veins (typically 4)::Structure and #}} carry {{c1::oxygenated}} blood from {{c2::the lungs to the left atrium}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The pulmonary veins include {{c1::the right and left superior and inferior pulmonary veins}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c1::ascending aorta}} exits the {{c1::left ventricle}} to carry oxygenated blood from the heart
Published	11/02/2024	The atria are separated by a {{c1::thin interatrial septum}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The ventricles are separated by {{c1::an interventricular septum}}.The {{c1::interventricular septum}} is continuous with {{c1::the skeleton of the he…
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c1::right auricle}} overlaps the {{c2::ascending aorta.}}
Published	11/02/2024	In addition to the caval veins, the right atium receives blood from the {{c1::coronary sinus}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The right atrium contains {{c1::three}} non-valvular orifices.
Published	11/02/2024	The SVC enters the right atium through the {{c1::superior orifice of the right atrium}}.The IVC enters through {{c1::the inferior orifice}}.The corona…
Published	11/02/2024	The anterior, interior wall of the right atrium is {{c1::trabeculated}}. It contains {{c1::bundles of cardiomyocytes known as pecitnate mm}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Pectinate mm. in the right atrium form {{c1::the crista terminalis at the junction between the smooth and trabeculated parts of the right atrium}}. Th…
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c1::sulcus terminalis}} is an {{c1::external::internal/external}} marker on the surface of the right atrium that demarcates the location of the …
Published	11/02/2024	The posterior, inner right atrial wall is {{c1::smooth}} and it is the location of {{c1::the SVC, IVC, and coronary sinus orifices}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The oval-shaped depression in the interatrial septum is known as the {{c1::fossa ovalis}}, a remant of the {{c1::foramen ovale}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The valve of the right atrioventricular orifice is known as the {{c1::right atrioventricular/tricuspid}} valve.
Published	11/02/2024	The myocardium of the {{c1::right}} ventricle is thinner than that of the {{c1::left}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The interior lining of the ventricles consists of muscular bundles known as {{c1::trabeculae carneae}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Muscular projections from the walls of the right ventricle are known as {{c1::papillary muscles}}. There are usually {{c1::three - anterior, posterior…
Published	11/02/2024	Papillary mm. connect the walls of the right ventricle to {{c1::the tricuspid valve}} via {{c1::chordae tendineae}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The anterior papillary muscle is rooted to the ventricular septum by the {{c1::septomarginal trabecula}}, also known as the {{c1::moderator band}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The papillary muscles contract during {{c1::systole}} in order to {{c1::prevent eversion of the atrioventricular valves and regurgitation}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The tricuspid valve consists of {{c1::three leaflets}} attached to the {{c1::right}} atrioventricular orifice.
Published	11/02/2024	Blood exits the right ventricle through {{c1::the pulmonic valve}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c2::left auricle of the heart}} overlaps {{c1::the pulmonary trunk}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The left atrium surface is generally {{c1::smooth}}, with a small patch of {{c1::rough}} surface.
Published	11/02/2024	The rough surface of the left atrium is due to the {{c1::pectinate mm.}} found in the {{c1::left auricle}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The fossa ovalis {{c1::can::cannot/can}} be visualized within the left atrium.
Published	11/02/2024	Blood enters the left ventricle through the {{c1::left atrioventricular}} valve, also known as the {{c1::bicuspid or mitral}} valve.
Published	11/02/2024	The interior of the left ventricle is lined by {{c1::trabeculae carneae}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The left ventricle has {{c1::two}} papillary mm. that connect via {{c1::chordae tendineae}} to the {{c1::two}} leaflets of the {{c1::mitral}} valve.
Published	11/02/2024	The left and right coronary arteries branch from the {{c1::ascending aorta}} just superior to the {{c1::aortic valve}}.
Published	11/02/2024	During atrial fibrillation, blood most frequently pools (and clots) in {{c1::the left auricle (appendage)}}.
Published	11/02/2024	A {{c1::left atrial appendage closure::surgical procedure}} can significantly reduce the risk of ischemic stroke secondary to atrial fibrillation
Published	11/02/2024	The aortic and pulmonic valves are also termed {{c1::semilunar}} valves. They are each formed from {{c1::three}} pocket-like {{c1::cusps}}.
Published	11/02/2024	During {{c1::diastole}}, the ventricles fill and the AV valves are {{c1::open}} while the semilunar valves are {{c1::closed}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Non-pathological contraction of the heart is stimulated by {{c1::the sinoatrial node}}.
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Rising blood pressure}} in the ventricles causes closure of the AV valves at the end of diastole.
Published	11/02/2024	Ventricular contraction is initiated by stimulation from {{c1::the atrioventricular node and AV bundle}}.
Published	11/02/2024	During {{c1::systole}}, the ventricles are contracting. The {{c1::semilunar}} valves are open and the {{c1::AV}} valves are closed.
Published	11/02/2024	Blood flow through the coronary arteries is greatest during {{c1::diastole}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The sinoatrial node is supplied by {{c1::the SA nodal branch}}, a branch of the {{c1::right coronary}} artery.
Published	11/02/2024	After supplying the SA node, the {{c1::right}} coronary artery courses to the {{c1::right}} within {{c1::the coronary sulcus (atrioventricular sulcus)…
Published	11/02/2024	The right coronary artery supplies:{{c1::The right atriumSA nodeAV nodeMost of the right ventricleThe diaphragmatic surface of the left ventricleThe p…
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c2::left}} coronary artery immediately divides into {{c1::two branches, the anterior interventricular a. and the circumflex a}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The anterior interventricular a. courses in {{c1::the anterior interventricular sulcus}}. The circumflex a. courses to the left in {{c1::the coronary …
Published	11/02/2024	The circumflex a. (coronary a.) branches into {{c1::the left marginal branch and a diagonal branch (sometimes)}} before terminating {{c1::posteriorly}…
Published	11/02/2024	Regions supplied by the left coronary a:{{c1::LAMost of the left ventriclePart of the right ventricleMost of the interventricular septum and AV bundle…
Published	11/02/2024	In the right dominant pattern of coronary aa. variation, the right coronary a. has a {{c1::prominent transverse}} branch that crosses {{c1::the base o…
Published	11/02/2024	In co-dominant coronary artery variation, {{c1::both the right coronary artery and left circumflex arteries give branches to the posterior interventri…
Published	11/02/2024	In left dominant coronary artery variation, {{c1::the left coronary artery has a large cicrumflex branch that supplies the posterior interventricular …
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c1::great cardiac vein}} drains areas supplied by the left coronary artery.
Published	11/02/2024	The great cardiac v. begins in the {{c1::anterior interventricular sulcus}} and courses {{c1::superiorly}} before traveling to the {{c1::left}} in the…
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c1::middle cardiac v.}} accompanies the posterior interventricular artery and drains areas supplied by the {{c2::right coronary artery}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c1::small cardiac v}} runs parallel to the {{c1::right marginal artery}} before running parallel to the coronary sinus, joining the coronary sin…
Published	11/02/2024	The smallest veins of the heart are known as {{c1::venae cordis minimae}} and they open {{c1::directly into each heart chamber}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Cardiac lymphatic vessels follow the {{c1::coronary aa.}} and drain into {{c1::the tracheobronchial lymph nodes}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The most common area of coronary artery occlusion is within the {{c1::anterior interventricular}} a. The second most common location is within the {{c…
Published	11/02/2024	Autonomic innervation of the heart serves to {{c1::modulate rate, conduction velocity, and contractility}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The heart receives innervation from the {{c1::superficial and deep cardiac}} plexuses.
Published	11/02/2024	Preganglionic cardiac sympathetic nerve fibers arise from {{c1::T1-5/6}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Preganglionic sympathetic fibers to the heart synapse in {{c1::the cervical and superior thoracic ganglia}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Postganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers to the heart are known as {{c1::cardiopulmonary splanchnic}} nerves and synapse in the {{c1::SA and AV nodes}}…
Published	11/02/2024	Preganglionic parasympathetic cardiac nerve fibers arise from {{c1::the cervical and upper thoracic branches of the right and left vagus nerves}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Vagus innervations of the heart synapse within {{c1::coronary intrinsic/intramural}} ganglia.
Published	11/02/2024	Cardiac nodes consists of {{c1::specialized myocardial cells::cell type}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Cardiac impulses are transmitted along {{c1::conducting fibers}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The SA node can be found {{c1::just deep to the epicardium at the junction of the SVC and RA}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The AV node can be found {{c1::in the interatrial septum near the openeing of the coronary sinus}}.
Published	11/02/2024	The {{c1::bundle of His}} conducts electrical signals from the AV node through the membranous part of the interventricular septum.
Published	11/02/2024	The bundle of His divides into {{c1::right and left bundles}}. This occurs at the level of {{c1:: superior portion of the muscular interventricular se…
Published	11/02/2024	The left and right bundle branches continue within the {{c1::subendocardium}} as {{c1::purkinje fibers}} to transmit signals to the ventricles.
Published	11/02/2024	The right bundle branch reaches the anterior papillary muscle via the {{c1::septomarginal trabecula (moderator band)}}.
Published	11/02/2024	Borders of the heart:Right: {{c1::the right atrium}}Inferior: {{c1::the right ventricle and some of the left ventricle}}Left: {{c1::left ventricle}}Su…
Published	11/02/2024	Atrial septal defects (ASDs) occur when there is an incomplete closure of the {{c1::foramen ovale}} to form the {{c1::fossa ovalis}} during developmen…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c2::ventricular septal defects (VSDs)}} account for the {{c1::majority of all cardiac defects}} and commonly occur in the thinner membraneous portio…
Published	11/02/2024	Valvular Heart Disease can involve any of the {{c1::AV}} or {{c1::SL}} valves and produces either stenosis (narrowing) or insufficiency leading to reg…
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