Notes in 09FluidAndElectrolytes

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Published	07/30/2024	Reference Range for Potassium: {{c1::3.5-5.0}} K mmol/L
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Serum levels of K+1. Adults2. Children{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Causes of Artifactual Increase of Potassium{{c1::Any squeezing, contamination with IV fluid, hemolysis, prolonged contact with RBCs, leuko and thrombo…
Published	07/30/2024	Hypokalemia occurs when serum potassium level is {{c1::<3.0}} K mmol/L
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Calcium}} is the most abundant mineral in the body
Published	07/30/2024	Approximate Percentage of Calcium Forms in the Body:{{c1::50}}% - free (ionized)Approximate Percentage of Magnesium the Body:{{c1::55}}% - free (ioniz…
Published	07/30/2024	Approximate Percentage of Calcium Forms in the Body:{{c1::40}}% - bound to proteinApproximate Percentage of Magnesium Forms in the Body:{{c1::30}}% - …
Published	07/30/2024	Approximate Percentage of Calcium Forms in the Body:{{c1::10}}% - bound to anionsApproximate Percentage of Magnesium Forms in the Body:{{c1::15}}% - b…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Decrease::increase or decrease}} free (ionized) calcium levels cause muscle spasms or uncontrolled muscle contractions called tetany.
Published	07/30/2024	Vitamin D aka {{c1::Cholecalciferol/1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol}} enhances Ca absorption in the intestines
Published	07/30/2024	Calcitonin is released by the {{c1::parafollicular}} cells of the thyroid gland and inhibits {{c2::PTH and vitamin D}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Medullary carcinoma::Disease}} of the thyroid gland is a neoplasm of the parafollicular cells, resulting in {{c1::increased::increased or decrea…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Calcitriol}} (active form of Vit. D) – assist PTH in enhancing bone resorption and decreasing excretion.
Published	07/30/2024	Renal failure will cause {{c1::mostly hypocalcemia::hypocalcemia/hypercalcemia}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR]1. Serum Phosphate2. Serum Calcium{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Test tubes with {{c1::purple and light blue}} cap cannot be used for {{c2::Ca2+, Mg2+, and phosphate::mineral}} determination
Published	07/30/2024	Total Calcium Reference Range: {{c1::8.6-10.3}} mg/dL
Published	07/30/2024	Free Calcium Reference Range: {{c1::4.6-5.3}} mg/dL
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::PTH::Hormone}} - enhances reabsorption of Mg by the kidney and intestinal absorption.
Published	07/30/2024	Hyper{{c2::magnesemia}} can be caused by renal failure and ingestion of excess {{c1::antacid::drug}}
Published	07/30/2024	Hyperparathyroidism will cause {{c1::hypo::hypo/hyper}}magnesemmia
Published	07/30/2024	Common drugs that will cause {{c2::hypomagnesemia::mineral imbalance}} are diuretics, {{c1::cardiac glycosides, cisplatin, and cyclosporin::3}}
Published	07/30/2024	Reference Range for Magnesium: {{c1::1.7-2.4}} mg/dL
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, and hypocalcemia::mineral imbalances}} coexist with each other
Published	07/30/2024	[VR]1. Bicarbonate serum levels2. Chloride serum levels{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cl passively follows {{c1::Na}}
Published	07/30/2024	Chloride Reference Range: {{c1::98-107}} mmol/L
Published	07/30/2024	Know the pathophysiology as to why these conditions cause hypo/hyperchloremia{{c1::<3}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Bicarbonate::Electrolyte}} is the second largest anion fraction of extracellular fluid
Published	07/30/2024	Reference Range of ctCO2 (Bicarbonate): {{c1::22-26}} mmol/L
Published	07/30/2024	Know the pathophysiology as to why these conditions cause dec/increased bicarbonate{{c1::Hint: notice that all causes are linked to acid-base disorder…
Published	07/30/2024	tCO2 comes in 4 forms:{{c1::HCO3 (90%)H2CO3Carbamino-bound CO2 (hemoglobin-bound)Dissolved CO2 (recall higher solubility over O2)}…
Published	07/30/2024	inorganic phosphate (phosphorus) is a major {{c1::I::I/E}}C ion
Published	07/30/2024	[VR]1. Calcium2. Phosphate{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Phosphate levels1. Children2. Adults{{c1::A}}
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Phosphate levels1. Plasma2. RBC{{c1::B}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Parathyroid hormone (PTH)}} is the most important regulatory hormone, which increases renal {{c2::excretion}} of phosphate
Published	07/30/2024	Vitamin D regulates phosphate by causing {{c1::intestinal absorption and renal reabsorption}}
Published	07/30/2024	Phosphate Level Reference Range: {{c1::2.5-4.5}} mg/dL
Published	07/30/2024	General Formula for Anion Gap: {{c1::Cations – Anions = Anion Gap}}
Published	07/30/2024	Method 1 (more commonly used) {{c1::Na+ – (Cl- + HCO3-)}} = anion gapExpected Anion Gap: {{c2::8-16 (12)}} mm…
Published	07/30/2024	Methanol intoxicationUremiaDiabetic ketoacidosisParaldehyde intoxicationIron and Isoniazid (INH) toxicityLactic acidosisEthanol poisoningRhabdomyolysi…
Published	07/30/2024	The four major electrolytes are: {{c1::sodium}}, {{c1::potassium}}, {{c1::chloride}}, {{c1::tCO2}}.
Published	07/30/2024	[Total body water]{{c1::60}}% in men{{c1::55}}% in women due to {{c2::fat displacement}}.
Published	07/30/2024	Due to body water percentage, they are more prone to dehydration.{{c1::Infants and geriatrics. They have a higher percentage of body weight as water::…
Published	07/30/2024	Interstital fluid is similar to plasma, except plasma contains {{c1::large protein molecules}}
Published	07/30/2024	Starling Forces Pushes Fluid OUT of bloodKeeps Fluid IN blood {{c1::Capillary Hydrostatic}} Pressure{{c1::Capillary On…
Published	07/30/2024	Osmolality is regulated by {{c1::ADH::hormone}} secretion.
Published	07/30/2024	Formula for estimated serum osmolality: {{c1::2 Na + glucose/18 + BUN/2.8 = mOsm/kg}}
Published	07/30/2024	Colligative Properties Colligative PropertyEffect of Increased Osmolality  Osmotic Pressure{{c1::Inc::Inc/Dec}}re…
Published	07/30/2024	Major molecules measured by serum osmolality: {{c1::sodium, chloride, glucose, urea}}
Published	07/30/2024	Regulation of Osmolality Four mechanisms: {{c1::Thirst}}, {{c1::ADH}}, {{c1::RAAS}}, {{c1::Natriuretic peptides}}
Published	07/30/2024	Thirst and ADH are stimulated by {{c1::increased osmolality (2-3%) or decreased volume (5-10%)::2}}
Published	07/30/2024	RAAS is stimulated by {{c1::hypovolemia and hyponatremia::2}} and results in increased {{c2::BP, serum Na, URINE K and H}}
Published	07/30/2024	In ADH secretion, {{c1::hyperosmolality::hyperosmolality/hypovolemia}} is the more potent stimuli
Published	07/30/2024	Low serum/plasma sodium is more of a result of disturbance in sodium balance rather than water balance/volume. {{c1::F::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Electrolytes used in Processes ProcessesElectrolytes Volume and osmotic regulation{{c1::Na, Cl, K::3}}Myocardial Rhyth…
Published	07/30/2024	ISE detects a {{c1::change in potential compared to the reference electrode}} produced which tells how much of an electrolyte is present.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Ca and Mg}} is/are not TYPICALLY measured by ion-selective electrodes becase it/they is/are bound to albumin
Published	07/30/2024	Ion-Selective electrodes for sodium are made of {{c1::lithium aluminum silicate or other silicon dioxide glass}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ion-Selective electrodes for potassium are made of {{c1::valinomycin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ion-Selective Electrodes for {{c1::Total Plasma Carbon Dioxide (tCO2)::electrolyte}}, gas cell/electrode contains acid to convert HCO3- to gas
Published	07/30/2024	Ion-Selective electrodes for H+ are made of {{c1::silicon dioxide/lithium and calcium oxide glass}}
Published	07/30/2024	Ion-Selective electrodes for chloride are made of {{c1::silver chloride}}
Published	07/30/2024	Possible specimens for ISE: {{c1::Venous serum, lithium-heparinized whole blood or plasma, or heparinized arterial whole blood}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Heparinized plasma}} is the specimen of choice for ISE
Published	07/30/2024	Specimen for ISE{{c1::Refrigeration::Preservation}} may enhance intracellular potassium release from RBCs
Published	07/30/2024	ISE System INDIRECT. As ISE dilutes the sample, it can be compromised by {{c1::hyperlipidemia}} and {{c1::hyperproteinemia}} causing a falsely {{…
Published	07/30/2024	ISE System DIRECT. Measures electrolytes in {{c1::undiluted::diluted/undiluted}} samples.
Published	07/30/2024	ISE System This will not be affected by volume replacement.{{c1::Direct::Direct/Indirect}}
Published	07/30/2024	Sodium is regulated by {{c1::Aldosterone::hormone}} and {{c1::angiotension::hormone}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal Serum Na+/K+ Ratio: {{c1::30:1}}
Published	07/30/2024	Sodium Excretion: Renal threshold for sodium exceeds {{c1::110-130::range}} mmol/L
Published	07/30/2024	Sodium reference range: {{c1::135-145::range}} mmol/L
Published	07/30/2024	HYPONATREMIA {{c1::Depletional::dilutional/depletional}} Hyponatremia is when you are losing sodium elsewhere.
Published	07/30/2024	HYPONATREMIA {{c1::Dilutional::dilutional/depletional}} Hyponatremia is due to volume overload.
Published	07/30/2024	Hypernatremia: >{{c1::150}} Na mmol/L
Published	07/30/2024	Serum osmolality reference range: {{c1::275-295}} mOsm/kg
Published	07/30/2024	Osmolal Gap is the difference between measured vs. calculated osmolality and should be {{c2::<15 (or 10)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Normal ADH functioningSerum osmolality: {{c1::Dec::Inc/Dec}}reasedUrine osmolality: {{c1::Inc::Inc/Dec}}reased
Published	07/30/2024	Ketonuria will cause {{c1::hypo::hypo/hyper}}natremia
Published	07/30/2024	Know the pathophysiology as to why these conditions cause hypo/hypernatremia{{c1::we suggest clicking "again" to review this again later}}
Published	07/30/2024	Know the pathophysiology as to why these conditions cause hypo/hyperkalemia{{c1::>:)}}
Published	07/30/2024	substances/conditions that promote the uptake of K+ into the cell{{c1::Insulin, beta-2 agonists, alkalosis}}
Published	07/30/2024	substances/conditions that promote the move K+ out of the cell{{c1::Hyperosmolality, Exercise, and Cell lysis, acidosis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Know the pathophysiology as to why these conditions cause hypo/hypercalcemia{{c1::<3}}
Published	07/30/2024	ISE for calcium measurement can only accurately measure in a {{c1::acidic::pH}} environment
Published	07/30/2024	Magnesium is 10x more concentrated in {{c1::RBCs}}
Published	07/30/2024	Diseases that cause hypomagnesemia are {{c1::GIT disorders, renal diseases, diabetes mellitus w/ glycosuria, and alcoholism (dietary deficiency and di…
Published	07/30/2024	The reference method for measuring Mg and Ca is {{c1::Atomic absorption spectrophotometry}}Other methods FOR Ca include ion-selective electrodes,…
Published	07/30/2024	Understand why chloride shift happens{{c1::GOSURF50}}
Published	07/30/2024	Know the pathophysiology as to why these conditions cause hypo/hyperphosphatemia{{c1::notice that most hyperphosphatemic diseases involve cell lysis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Measuring {{c3::phosphate}} spectrophotometrically requires{{c2::ammonium molybdate}} as an indicator; and{{c2::aminonaphtholsulfonic acid}} to reduce…
Published	07/30/2024	For every 1 g/dl of albumin decrease from 4.5 (or 3.6-5.5) g/dl,increase calculated anion gap by 2.5 mEq/L
Published	07/30/2024	Diabetes InsipidusSerum osmolality: {{c1::Inc::Inc/Dec}}reasedUrine osmolality: {{c1::Dec::Inc/Dec}}reased
Published	07/30/2024	Natriuretic peptides are stimulated by increased cardiac volume and thus, {{c1::increase urine sodium and decrease aldosterone::effect}}
Published	07/30/2024	PTH increases free (ionized) Ca in the blood through {{c1::osteoclast activation (resorption), tubular reabsorption, and stimulation of vitamin D hydr…
Published	07/30/2024	When the patient had hypoalbuminemia, request for {{c1::ionized Ca2+ levels not total}} serum Ca2+.
Published	07/30/2024	hemolysis or rhabdomyolysis will falsely {{c1::increase::increase or decrease}} serum potassium results.
Published	07/30/2024	Hyperkalemia occurs when serum potassium level is >{{c2::5.0}} K mmol/L
Status	Last Update	Fields