Notes in 02 Respiratory Physiology

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Published	12/13/2023	The action of the diaphragm is to {{c1::pull the thoracic cage down}}
Published	12/13/2023	Active transport of CO2:{{c1::CO2}} reacts with {{c1::H2O}} via {{c1::carbonic anhydrase}} to become {{c1::carbonic acid…
Published	12/13/2023	Emphysema causes increased {{c1::alveolar and anatomic::alveolar or anatomic}} dead space
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Apparatus}} dead space is dead space due to equipment.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::apneustic/lower}} pontine center is inhibited by {{c2::pulmonary stretch}} receptors.
Published	12/13/2023	Under normal circumstances, the alveolar pressure is {{c1::greater::greater/lesser}} than pleural pressure.
Published	12/13/2023	Emphysema {{c1::increases}} the functional residual capacity.
Published	12/13/2023	A vital capacity of less than {{c1::15}} mL/kg places patients at high risk for respiratory failure.
Published	12/13/2023	Supine positioning {{c1::decreases}} dead space.
Published	12/13/2023	Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction is inhibited by drugs such as volatile anesthetics and {{c1::potent vasodilators}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Which West zone is seen with high airway pressures?{{c1::Zone 1}}
Published	12/13/2023	Cells can generate energy by converting {{c2::glucose}} to {{c2::pyruvic acid}} via {{c1::glycolysis}}.
Published	12/13/2023	In the {{c2::absence::absence/presence}} of oxygen, pyruvate is reduced to {{c1::lactate}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The Krebs cycle occurs in {{c1::mitochondria}}.
Published	12/13/2023	There are {{c1::23}} generations of the tracheobronchial tree.
Published	12/13/2023	The last lung structures perfused by the bronchial circulation are the {{c1::terminal bronchioles.}}
Published	12/13/2023	In a normal lung, zone {{c1::2}} is found in the apices and zone {{c1::3}} is found in the lower lung.
Published	12/13/2023	According to Henry's Law, higher gas solubility is associated with a {{c1::lower::higher/lower}} partial pressure above the solution.
Published	12/13/2023	In patients with a high carbohydrate diet, the respiratory quotient (R) is {{c1::1}}.
Published	12/13/2023	In patients with a high fat diet, the respiratory quotient (R) is {{c1::0.7}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Intrapleural pressure is positive during {{c1::forced expiration}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The dependent areas of the lung have a {{c1::higher}} vascular pressure and a {{c2::lower}} vascular resistance.
Published	12/13/2023	In patients with a V/Q mismatch, the PACO2 - PaCO2 gradient is {{c1::small}}.
Published	12/13/2023	In patients with a V/Q mismatch, the PAO2 - PaO2 gradient is {{c1::large}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The physiologic response to increased dead space is {{c1::bronchiole constriction}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Blood that flows through underventilated alveoli ends up with {{c1::increased}} PaCO2
Published	12/13/2023	In cylinders, the law of Laplace is:{{c1::Tension = Pressure x Radius}}
Published	12/13/2023	In fetuses, type II pneumocytes begin producing surfactant between {{c1::22}}-{{c1::26}} weeks.
Published	12/13/2023	In fetuses, peak production of surfactant between {{c1::35}}-{{c1::36}} weeks.
Published	12/13/2023	The tip of a pulmonary artery catheter should always be placed in West zone {{c1::III}}.
Published	12/13/2023	In West zone 2, blood flow is dependent on the {{c1::Pa}}-{{c1::PA}} difference.
Published	12/13/2023	In West zone 3, blood flow is dependent on the {{c1::Pa}}-{{c1::Pv}} difference.
Published	12/13/2023	Aging {{c1::increases}} the A-a gradient.
Published	12/13/2023	In women, lung volumes are decreased by {{c1::25}}%.
Published	12/13/2023	In a normal patient, tidal volume is {{c1::6}}-{{c1::8}} mL/kg.
Published	12/13/2023	In a normal patient, vital capacity is {{c1::65}}-{{c1::75}} mL/kg.
Published	12/13/2023	In a normal patient, functional residual capacity is {{c1::35}} mL/kg.
Published	12/13/2023	Functional residual capacity is measured by {{c2::nitrogen}} washout, {{c2::helium}} wash-in, or {{c1::body plethysmography}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Administration of paralytics {{c1::decreases}} the FRC.
Published	12/13/2023	The sum of the {{c1::closing}} volume and the {{c1::residual}} volume is the closing capacity.
Published	12/13/2023	What disease states will increase the closing volume?{{c2::COPD}} and {{c1::Left ventricular failure}}
Published	12/13/2023	By age {{c1::30}}, closing capacity > functional residual capacity when under general anesthesia.
Published	12/13/2023	Closing capacity is measured by washout of a {{c1::tracer gas (e.g. nitrogen or xenon-133)}}.
Published	12/13/2023	What hemoglobin chain does not respond to 2,3-DPG?{{c1::Hemoglobin F}}
Published	12/13/2023	The first step of the Krebs Cycle is {{c1::oxaloacetic acid}} + {{c1::Acetyl CoA}} → {{c2::citric acid}}
Published	12/13/2023	The end products of the Krebs cycle are {{c1::oxaloacetic acid}}, {{c1::NADH}}, and {{c1::CO2}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The purpose of the Krebs cycle is to produce large amounts of {{c1::H+}} ions in the form of {{c1::NADH}} to use in the {{c2::electron transport …
Published	12/13/2023	During oxidative phosphorylation, NADH is split into {{c1::NAD+}}, {{c1::H+}}, and {{c1::2 electrons}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Oxygen}} is the final electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation.
Published	12/13/2023	Oxidative phosphorylation produces {{c1::34::#}} ATP molecules and {{c2::water}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Serum lactate is cleared by the {{c1::liver}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The lactic acid pathway produces {{c1::2}} molecules of ATP.
Published	12/13/2023	Arterial pH is {{c1::7.40}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Venous pH is {{c1::7.36}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Venous}} hematocrit is 3% higher than {{c1::arterial}} hematocrit.
Published	12/13/2023	Increased CO2 levels is associated with {{c1::hyper}}kalemia.
Published	12/13/2023	Increased CO2 levels is associated with {{c1::hyper}}calcemia.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Increased}} CO2 levels is associated with a decreased level of consciousness.
Published	12/13/2023	When the PaCO2 > {{c1::100}} mmHg, carbon dioxide acts as a respiratory depressant.
Published	12/13/2023	Surgical stimulation causes a {{c1::left}} shift in the CO2/ventilation response curve.
Published	12/13/2023	Hypoxemia causes a {{c1::left}} shift in the CO2/ventilation response curve.
Published	12/13/2023	Elevated ICP causes a {{c1::left}} shift in the CO2/ventilation response curve.
Published	12/13/2023	Metabolic acidosis causes a {{c1::left}} shift in the CO2/ventilation response curve.
Published	12/13/2023	Metabolic alkalosis causes a {{c1::right}} shift in the CO2/ventilation response curve.
Published	12/13/2023	The dorsal respiratory group is ocated in the {{c1::nucleus tractus solitarius}} in the medulla.
Published	12/13/2023	The ventral respiratory group is ocated in the {{c1::nucleus ambiguous}} and {{c2::nucleus retroambiguus}} in the medulla.
Published	12/13/2023	The hypoxic ventilatory response occurs when a PaO2 < {{c1::60}} mmHg closes {{c2::oxygen}}-sensitive {{c2::K+}} channels in {{c3::type I glom…
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c2::Hering-Breuer deflation}} reflex stops exhalation to prevent {{c1::atelectasis}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The {{c1::paradoxical reflex of Head::reflex}} is responsible for a newborn's first breath.
Published	12/13/2023	In a normal lung, West zone 3 is found in {{c1::dependent}} regions.
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