Notes in 03 Kidneys

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Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysIn a renal mass protocol, how long is the nephrographic phase?{{c1::100 seconds}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysIn a renal mass protocol, how long is the excretory (pyelographic) phase?{{c1::8-15 min}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhich phase in a renal mass protocol is used to distinguish between hydronephrosis and renal sinus cysts?{{c1::Excretory…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhich phase in a renal mass protocol is most helpful for discerning a calcyceal diverticulum?{{c1::Excretory phase}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysA renal lesion containing intralesional fat is almost always a {{c1::benign angiomyolipoma, even if it enhances}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhy is an unenhanced phase necessary for a renal mass protocol?{{c1::As a baseline to quantify enhancement}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysIn a renal mass protocol on CT, how is enhancement defined?{{c1::>20 HU = Enhancement}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysIn a renal mass protocol on MRI, how is enhancement defined?{{c1::>20% increased signal = Enhancement}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysIn a renal mass protocol, lesions are considered "too small to characterize" {{c1::if the lesion diameter is smaller tha…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) arises from the {{c1::renal tubular}} cells.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhich subtype of renal cell carcinoma enhances more avidly than the others?{{c1::Clear cell RCC}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhich subtype of renal cell carcinoma is typically hypovascular?{{c1::Papillary}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhich subtype of renal cell carcinoma has the best prognosis?{{c1::Chromophobe}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhich renal tumor typically affects young adult males with sickle cell trait?{{c1::Renal medullary carcinoma}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhich stage of renal cell carcinoma is typically resectable?{{c1::Stages I-III}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is the most common benign renal neoplasm?{{c1::Angiomyolipoma}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is the pathognomonic imaging finding of a renal angiomyolipoma?{{c1::Macroscopic fat in a non-calcified mass}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysRenal angiomyolipoma {{c1::will::will/will not}} demonstrate signal drop out on in-phase/out-phase MR imaging.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysIf a renal angiomyolipoma does not contain visible macroscopic fat, what MRI imaging sequence is most useful for disting…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysAML appears {{c1::hyperechoic::hypoechoic/hyperechoic}} on ultrasound.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysIn a renal mass protocol, the {{c1::nephrographic}} phase is the critical phase for evaluating for enhancement.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysA {{c1::calyceal diverticulum::calyceal diverticulum/renal cyst}} will show enhancement.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysIn a renal mass protocol, when is a vascular phase often included?{{c1::Presurgical planning}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysIn a renal mass protocol on CT, how is equivocal enhancement defined?{{c1::>10-19 HU = Equivocal enhancement}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysIn a renal mass protocol on CT, an increase of up to {{c1::10}} HU is not considered enhancement.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat are genetic risk factors for renal cell carcinoma?{{c1::Von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) and tuberous sclerosis.}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat kind of cystic renal disease is a risk factor for renal cell carcinoma?{{c1::Acquired cystic kidney disease}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhich subtype of renal cell carcinoma is most common?{{c1::Clear cell RCC}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is the prognosis of chromophobe RCC? {{c1::Best prognosis of RCC subtype, with 90% 5-year survival}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhen defines Stage IV renal cell carcinoma?{{c1::Growth through Gerota's fascia (IVa)IVb is distance metastasis.}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysMedullary carcinoma is particularly known to affect males with which disease? {{c1::Sickle cell trait}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysAngiomyolipomas that are bilateral with multiple renal cysts are most associated with {{c1::tuberous scloersis}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhich angiomyolipomas are at risk of hemorrhage? {{c1::Large (>4 cm) lesions}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is the management of small angiomyolipomas?{{c1::Not typically followed or resected}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysTrue or false: Calcifications are associated with renal angiomyolipomas.{{c1::False}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysTrue or false: Renal angiomyolipomas do not contain intracytoplasmic lipids.{{c1::True}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysDuring the work up of a suspected renal angiomyolipoma without fat, T2 hyperintensity suggests what other diagnosis?{{c1…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysOn T2 weighted imaging, what is the expected signal intensity of a renal angiomyolipoma without fat?{{c1::Hypointensity}…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is the most commonly resected benign renal mass?{{c1::Oncocytoma}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat CT imaging features are suggestive of oncocytoma?{{c1::Homogenous enhancement and a central scar}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysComplicating the pathologic diagnosis of oncytoma, oncocytic cells can sometimes be found in the {{c1::rare chromophobe}…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysThe most common form of renal lymphoma is {{c1::secondary::primary/secondary}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is the most common imaging pattern of renal lymphoma?{{c1::Multiple lymphomatous masses (50%, can be bilateral)}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhich renal malignancy is most likely to infiltrative nephromegaly?{{c1::Renal lymphoma}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat type of infection can mimic a non-neoplastic solid renal mass?{{c1::Focal pyelonephritis}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat type of infection can mimic a cystic renal cell carcinoma.?{{c1::Renal abscess}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat imaging feature can help distinguish a renal arteriovenous malformation from a hypervascular renal mass?{{c1::Asymm…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: Kidneys{{c1::Hypertrophied column (septa) of Bertin}} are normal structures that anchor the renal cortex to the hilum and may m…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysPersistant indentations of the renal cortex that can be mistaken as a renal mass are called {{c1::persistent fetal …
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysHow can persistent fetal lobulation be distinguished from a true renal mass?{{c1::Presence of septa of Bertin on either …
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: Kidneysvon Hippel–Lindau (VHL) is an autosomal {{c1::dominant::recessive/dominant}} multiorgan syndrome.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysThe primary manifestation of VHL in the genitourinary system is {{c1::bilateral or multifocal renal cell carcinomas.Most…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat are other genitourinary manifestations of VHL, other than RCC? {{c1::Multifocal pheochromocytoma and renal cysts.}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysCentral nervous system manifestations of VHL include {{c1::hemangioblastoma}} of the brainstem, cerebellum, or spinal co…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysPancreatic manifestations of VHL include malignant {{c1::neuroendocrine pancreatic tumor}} and benign {{c2::pancrea…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysHepatic manifestations of VHL include {{c1::hepatic cystcs.}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat autosomal dominant syndrome is associated with multiple renal oncocytomas and renal cell carcinomas?{{c1::Birt…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysBirt-Hogg-Dube syndrome is associated with which intrabdominal organ malignancy?{{c1::Multiple renal oncocytomas and ren…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is the most common renal abnormality associated with tuberous sclerosis?{{c1::Multiple bilateral renal angiomyolipo…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysTuberous sclerosis, Burt-Hogg-Dube and von Hippel-Lindau all increase the risk of which renal abnormality?{{c1::Renal ce…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysAngiomyolipomas are associated with {{c1::tuberous sclerosis::von Hippel-Lindau/tuberous sclerosis}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is the most common cardiac abnormality in tuberous sclerosis?{{c1::Rhabdomyoma}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat are the pulmonary manifestations of tuberous sclerosis?{{c1::Smooth muscle proliferation identical to lymphangiolei…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is the neoplastic differential of a cystic renal mass?{{c1::Cystic renal cell carcinomaMultilocular cystic nephroma…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is a benign cystic renal neoplasm with enhancing septathat occurs in a bimodal age distribution in baby boys and mi…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysMultilocular cystic nephroma a benign cystic renal neoplasm with enhancing septa that occurs in a bimodal age distributi…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysIn {{c1::adults}}, multilocular cystic nephroma can be indistinguishable from {{c2::cystic renal cell carcinoma.}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysIn {{c1::children}}, multilocular cystic nephroma can be indistinguishable from {{c2::cystic Wilms tumor.}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is a benign renal neoplasm that is composed of epithelial and mesenchymal elements, typically found in middle-aged …
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysTrue or false: A hemorrhagic renal cyst will enhance.{{c1::False}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhy is MRI particularly more accurate in cystic renal mass evaluation?{{c1::MRI does not suffer from the CT phenomenon o…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysSimple renal cysts are extremely common, found in approximately 50% of patients over age {{c1::50}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysOn CT a simple cyst must {{c1::attenuate close to 0 Hounsfield units}}, {{c1::not contain any enhancing components}}, an…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysA {{c1::parapelvic::parapelvic/peripelvic}} cyst is a renal cortical cyst that herniates into the renal sinus.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysA {{c1::peripelvic::parapelvic/peripelvic}} cyst are lymphatic in origin and usually small and multiple.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysA homogeneous renal cyst with an attenuation of {{c1::>70}} Hounsfield units on noncontrast imaging represents a {{c2…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysA hyperdense renal cyst cannot be diagnosed if only post-contrast imaging is available {{c1::because there is no way to …
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysAutosomal {{c1::dominant}} polycystic kidney disease is responsible for 10% ofpatients on long-term dialysis.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysADPKD patients typically present in their {{c1::third to fourth}} decades.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysADPKD patients typically present with {{c1::upper abdominal pain and a clinical course of progressive renal failure…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysApproximately {{c1::50%::%}} of ADPKD patients will have a saccular aneurysm in the circle of Willis.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat kind of attenuation do cysts display in ADPKD?{{c1::Varying attenuation or signal intensities due to hemorrhage.}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysDoes ADPKD increase risk of RCC?{{c1::MaybeDialysis-associated cystic renal disease does have an increased risk of renal…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysDoes dialysis-associated cystic renal disease have an increased risk of renal cell carcinoma?{{c1::Yes.~2–3% prevalence,…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysPyelonephritis is infection of {{c1::renal parenchyma}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is most commonly seen in imaging of pyelonephritis?{{c1::Normal kidneys}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysIn pyelonephritis, kidneys may be {{c1::enlarged::enlarged/shrunken}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysThe differential diagnosis of a unilateral enlarged kidney includes {{c1::pyelonephritis::infection}}, {{c2::acute urete…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat are vascular etiologies of a straited nephrogram?{{c1::Renal infarctionRenal vein thrombosisVasculitis}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat are traumatic etiologies of a straited nephrogram?{{c1::Renal contusion}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat are obstructive etiologies of a straited nephrogram?{{c1::Acture urinary obstruction (eg, stone)Tumor}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is the cause of hydronephrosis in the setting of pyelonephritis?{{c1::Bacterial endotoxin causing reduced peristals…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: Kidneys{{c1::Pyonephrosis}} is the infection of {{c2::an obstructed collecting system}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is treatment of pyonephrosis?{{c1::Percutaneous nephrostomy“Pus under pressure.” }}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysRenal abscess is a localized purulent collection within the kidney that most commonly results from {{c1::coalescence of …
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: Kidneys{{c1::Emphysematous pyelonephritis}} is a severe renal infection characterized by gas replacing renal parenchyma.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysEmphysematous pyelonephritis is seen almost exclusively in {{c1::diabetic patients.::disease}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is treatment of emphesamtous pyelonephritis?{{c1::Emergent nephrectomy}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: Kidneys{{c1::Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP)}} is a chronic renal infection due to obstructing calculi.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysProteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli are the two most common organisms of {{c1::xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis::re…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysXanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis is more often {{c1::diffuse (85%)::diffuse/localized}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: Kidneys“Tumefactive XGP” may mimic {{c1::a renal mass.}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysThe renal "bear paw sign" is associated with which diagnosis?{{c1::Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat malignancy is included in the differential of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis?{{c1::Transitional neoplasm with c…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysInitila renal TB infection is typically {{c1::bilateral::unilateral/bilateral}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysChronic renal TB infection is typically {{c1::unilateral::unilateral/bilateral}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: Kidneys{{c1::End-stage::Stage of infection}} renal TB produces the characteristic putty kidney appearance.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is the characteristics appearance of renal tuberculosis?{{c1::Focal cavitary renal lesions with calcification}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is the differential for xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis?{{c1::acute obstructi ng calculus with pyonephrosis or r…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is the characteristic imaging finding of HIV-associated nephropathy?{{c1::Enlarged echogenic kidneys}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysColor Doppler is useful to distinguish a cystic renal mass from a {{c1::renal artery aneurysm}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysUltrasound is particularly useful for the initial evaluation of what kind of renal mass?{{c1::Cystic}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysMRI is particularly useful for the initial evaluation of what kind of renal mass?{{c1::Solid}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is follow-up for a Bosniak II lesion?{{c1::No follow up needed}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is follow-up for a Bosniak IIF lesion?{{c1::Imaging follow up needed}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is follow-up for a Bosniak III lesion?{{c1::Management varies from imaging follow-up to surgical excision (if witho…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is follow-up for a Bosniak IV lesion?{{c1::Surgical excision is required unless significant comorbidities.}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat are the criteria for septa in a Bosniak II lesion?{{c1::<4 septa with thickness <2 mm}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat are the criteria for enhancement in a Bosniak II lesion?{{c1::Nonenhancing (except for tiny septa).}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat are the HU attenuation criteria for proteinaceous/hemorrhagic cysts to be considered a Bosniak II lesion?{{c1::None…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat are the size criteria for proteinaceous/hemorrhagic cysts to be considered a Bosniak II lesion?{{c1::≤3 cm in size.…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysHomogeneous low-attenuation masses too small to characterize are considered what Bosniak classification?{{c1::II}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat size septa classifies a Bosniak IIF lesion?{{c1::Between >2 and <4 mm. }}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat size septa classifies a Bosniak III lesion?{{c1::Any enhancing thick (≥4 mm) septati on/wall. }}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysAn enhancing irregular protrusion with obtuse margins ≤3mm describes what Bosniak classification?{{c1::III}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysAn enhancing nodule with acute margins describes what Bosniak classification?{{c1::IV}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat are the criteria for a simple renal cyst?{{c1::Sonographic hallmarks of a simple cyst, featuring an imperceptible t…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysOn MRI, a simple cyst must be {{c1::hypointense}} on T1-weighted images and {{c1::hyperintense}} on T2-weighted images.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysA {{c1::para::para/peri}}pelvic cyst is a renal cortical cyst that herniates into the renal sinus and is usually {{c2::s…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysA {{c1::peri::para/peri}}pelvic cyst is secondary to {{c3::lymphatic obstruction}} and isoften small and {{c2::multiple:…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: Kidneys{{c1::Peri::para/peri}}pelvic cysts may mimic hydronephrosis.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat kind of renal cyst cannot be diagnosed on postcontrast imaging alone?{{c1::Hyperdense}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysThe transplanted kidney is implanted in the {{c1::right}} > {{c1::left}} iliac fossa.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysIn renal transplant, an elevated RI >{{c1::0.7}} suggests renal dysfunction.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysA {{c2::hematoma::fluid collection}} occurs {{c1::immediately::timing}} after renal transplant.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysA {{c2::urinoma::fluid collection}} occurs {{c1::1-2 weeks::timing}} after renal transplant.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysA {{c2::abscess::fluid collection}} occurs {{c1::3-4 weeks::timing}} after renal transplant.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysA {{c2::lymphocele::fluid collection}} occurs {{c1::2nd month::timing}} after renal transplant.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysIn renal transplant complications, renal artery doppler may show {{c2::reversal of diastolic flow}} in {{c1::renal vein …
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysIn renal transplant complications, renal artery doppler may show {{c2::elevated flow velocities (and parvus et tardus wa…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysIn renal transplant, {{c1::psuedoaneurysm}} is usually due to {{c2::biopsy}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysIn renal transplant, {{c1::hyperacute}} rejection occurs {{c2::hours}} after transplant.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysIn renal transplant, {{c1::hyperacute}} rejection occurs due to {{c2::ABO blood type incompatibility}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysIn renal transplant, {{c1::acute tubular necrosis}} occurs {{c2::in the immediate few postoperative days}} aft…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysIn renal transplant, {{c1::acute}} rejection occurs {{c2::within 3 months}} after transplant.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysIn renal transplant, {{c1::chronic}} rejection occurs {{c2::after 3 months}} after transplant.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysIn renal transplant, drug toxicity may be caused by {{c1::cyclosporine::drug}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: Kidneys{{c1::Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD)}} is a type of lymphoma that is thought to be due to {{c2::imm…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: Kidneys{{c1::Any new mass in any organ}} in a transplant patient should raise concern for {{c2::potential post-transplant lymph…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysUltrasound of renal post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder will show {{c1::an amorphous hypoechoic mass which may …
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: Kidneys{{c1::Medullary nephrocalcinosis}} represents calcification of the renal medullary pyramids.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysMedullary nephrocalcinosis is caused by any disease entity that leads to {{c1::hypercalcemia and hypercalciuria.}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: Kidneys{{c1::Hyperparathyroidism}} is the most common cause of medullary nephrocalcinosis.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: Kidneys{{c1::Medullary sponge kidney}} is caused by {{c2::ectatic tubules in the medullary pyramids that can lead to stasis and…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysIn what population can treatment with furosemide (Lasix) can lead to medullary nephrocalcinosis?{{c1::Children}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysType {{c1::1 (distal)}} renal tubular acidosis can cause medullary nephrocalcinosis.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: Kidneys{{c1::Cortical nephrocalcinosis}} is dystrophic peripheral calcification of the renal cortex, with sparing of the medull…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysCortical nephrocalcinosis is usually due to {{c1::diffuse cortical injury.}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysCortical necrosis results from {{c1::acute ischemia in setting of small vessel vasospasm or systemic hypotension.}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat are CT findings of renal cortical necrosis?{{c1::Lack of enhancement of the renal cortices bilaterally (arrows).}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat drug most commonly causes papillary necrosis?{{c1::NSAIDs}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysThe POSTCARD pneumonic is associated with which disease?{{c1::Renal papillary necrosis}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhich infection is associated with renal papillary necrosis?{{c1::Tuberculosis}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysOn CT excretory phases, club-shaped or saccular calyces are associated with what pathology?{{c1::Renal papillary necrosi…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysThe lobster claw sign is associated with which pathology?{{c1::Renal papillary necrosis}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is the most common OIS AAST renal trauma grade?{{c1::Grade 1}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is the defining feature of renal trauma OIS grade I?{{c1::Renal contusion or subcapsular hematoma}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is the defining feature of renal trauma OIS grade II?{{c1::Superficial laceration (<1 cm) or perinephric hematom…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is the defining feature of renal trauma OIS grade III?{{c1::Deeper laceration (>1 cm) without urinary extrasvasa…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysActive bleeding contained within Gerota's fascia describes which OIS renal trauma grade?{{c1::III}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysA potenti al pitfall of a grade {{c1::III}} OIS renal injury is that a clot at the collecting system may prevent urinary…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysRenal pelvis laceration or complete disrupti on of the ureteropelvic juncti on describes which OIS renal trauma grade?{{…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysDeep laceration which extends into the collecting system describes which OIS renal trauma grade?{{c1::IV}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysVascular thrombosis resulti ng in segmental or complete kidney infarcti on describes which OIS renal trauma grade?{…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysActive bleeding beyond Gerota’s fascia describes which OIS renal trauma grade?{{c1::IV}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysSegmental renal artery/vein injury describes which OIS renal trauma grade?{{c1::IV}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysMain renal artery/vein lacerati on or avulsion of the renal hilumdescribes which OIS renal trauma grade?{{c1::V}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysDevascularized kidney with acti ve bleeding describes which OIS renal trauma grade?{{c1::V}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is treatment of grade IV renal OIS trauma?{{c1::Endovascular embolization or stenting}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is treatment of grade V renal OIS trauma?{{c1::Surgery}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysRenal vascular injury described in the 2018 OIS update is defined as {{c1::renal artery pseudoaneurysm or arteriovenous …
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysRenal artery pseudoaneurysm or arteriovenous fistula appear on imaging as a hyperattenuating focus with density similar …
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysRenal active bleeding appears as focal or diffuse vascular contrast that {{c1::increases::increases/decreases}} in atten…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysThere is permanent loss of renal function after approximately {{c1::two}} hours of ischemia.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: Kidneys{{c1::A Page}} kidney is {{c2::a rare cause of secondary hypertension due to extrinsic compression of the kidney by…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysHow long does it take for Page kidney to develop?{{c1::Several months for hypertension to occurs}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is treatment for Page kidney?{{c1::Percutaneous drainage}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is the most common cause of non-obstructive hydronephrosis?{{c1::Vesicoureteral reflux: congenital or acquired (pos…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysHydronephrosis in pregnancy is more common on which side?{{c1::Right}}
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhich stones are radiopaque on radiographs vs CT?{{c1::Most stones are radiopaque on CT, except for indinavir and matrix…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysThe soft tissue rim sign favors a {{c1::ureteral stone::ureteral stone/phlebolith}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysResistive index (RI) may be {{c1::increased::increased/decreased}} in acute obstruction from a renal stone.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat resistance index suggests acute renal obstruction?{{c1::A RI of >0.7 on the affected side, or a difference of &g…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysUreteral jets may help diagnose {{c1::hydronephrosis}} but are controversial.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysObstruction without hydronephrosis can occur with a ruptured {{c1::fornix}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysOn contrast enhanced CT, at which timing phase does the kidney have significant corticomedullary differentiation?{{c1::A…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysWhat is the differential for an "absent nephrogram" in an abnormal kidney?{{c1::Acute renal artery/vein occlusionChronic…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysOn CT, a unilateral {{c1::delayed}} nephrogram describes slow renal parenchymal uptake of intravenous contrast compared …
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysOn CT, a unilateral {{c1::persistent}} nephrogram describes diffusely increased density of the kidney relative to the co…
Published	05/01/2023	Genitourinary Imaging: KidneysOn CT, a bilateral {{c1::persistent}} nephrogram describes when kidneys retain intravenous contrast material longer than…
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