Notes in 01 Hematopoiesis and Lymphocyte Development

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Published	09/03/2024	β-thalassemia major is associated with extramedullary hematopoiesis, which can be observed on abdominal physical exam as an enlargement of the {{c1::l…
Published	11/28/2023	Sickle cell anemia is associated with extramedullary hematopoiesis, which initially leads to enlargement of the {{c1::liver and the spleen}}
Published	11/28/2023	Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in the {{c1::yolk sac}} from {{c2::3}} to {{c2::8 weeks}}
Published	11/28/2023	Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in the {{c1::liver}} from {{c2::6 weeks}} to {{c2::birth}}
Published	11/28/2023	Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in the {{c1::spleen}} from {{c2::10}} to {{c2::28 weeks}}
Published	11/28/2023	Fetal erythropoiesis occurs in the {{c1::bone marrow}} from {{c2::18 weeks}} to {{c2::adulthood}}
Published	09/03/2024	The CD34+ hematopoietic stem cell may differentiate into a(n) {{c1::myeloid}} or {{c1::lymphoid}} stem cell
Published	09/03/2024	{{c2::Myeloid::Lymphoid or Myeloid}} stem cells may differentiate into {{c1::erythroblasts}}, which mature into RBCs
Published	09/03/2024	{{c2::Myeloid::Lymphoid or Myeloid}} stem cells may differentiate into {{c1::myeloblasts}}, which mature into granulocytes
Published	09/03/2024	{{c2::Myeloid::Lymphoid or Myeloid}} stem cells may differentiate into {{c1::monoblasts}}, which mature into monocytes
Published	09/03/2024	{{c2::Myeloid::Lymphoid or Myeloid}} stem cells may differentiate into {{c1::megakaryoblasts}}, which mature into megakaryocytes
Published	09/03/2024	{{c2::Lymphoid::Lymphoid or Myeloid}} stem cells may differentiate into {{c1::B lymphoblasts}}, which mature into naive B cells and then plasma c…
Published	09/03/2024	{{c2::Lymphoid::Lymphoid or Myeloid}} stem cells may differentiate into {{c1::T lymphoblasts}}, which mature into naive T cells and then CD4+/CD8…
Published	09/03/2024	Myelofibrosis is often associated with massive {{c1::splenomegaly}} due to extramedullary hematopoiesis
Published	11/28/2023	The enzymes responsible for gene recombination in heavy and light chains are encoded by the genes {{c1::RAG1}} and {{c1::RAG2}}
Published	11/28/2023	Antigen-independent antibody diversity is generated via insertion of random nucleotides during V(D)J recombination by the enzyme {{c1::terminal deoxyr…
Published	11/28/2023	Which primary lymphoid organ is the site of B-cell maturation? {{c1::Bone marrow}}
Published	11/28/2023	Which primary lymphoid organ is the site of T-cell differentiation and maturation? {{c1::Thymus}}
Published	11/28/2023	Which type of selection allows survival of T cells expressing TCRs capable of binding self-MHC on cortical epithelial cells? {{c1::Positive selection}…
Published	11/28/2023	Which type of selection causes T cells expressing TCRs with high affinity for self antigens on cortical epithelial cells to either undergo apoptosis o…
Published	11/28/2023	The tissue-restricted self-antigens expressed in the thymus for negative selection are due to the action of {{c1::autoimmune regulator (AIRE)}}
Published	11/28/2023	Deficiency of {{c2::autoimmune regulator (AIRE)}} protein causes {{c1::autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome-1}}
Published	11/28/2023	Positive selection eliminates {{c1::non-functional}} T cells, while negative selection eliminates {{c1::self-reactive}} T cells
Published	11/28/2023	Terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase (Tdt) generates junctional diversity at the hypervariable regions of antibodies, which are also known a…
Published	11/28/2023	Because a random number of N-nucleotides are inserted by TdT when generating junctional diversity, {{c1::2/3::fraction}} of rearranged genes end …
Published	11/28/2023	Which CD marker(s) (CD4, CD8) does the T-cell express when they arrive in the thymus?{{c1::Neither (double-negative)}}
Published	11/28/2023	Receptor editing is only possible in self-reactive {{c1::B}} cells
Published	11/30/2023	Where does positive selection of B cells occur?{{c1::periphery (e.g., lymph nodes)}}
Published	11/28/2023	{{c1::Central}} tolerance involves negative selection of lymphocytes
Published	11/28/2023	Omenn syndrome is a form of SCID caused by a hypomorphic mutation in the {{c1::RAG}} gene
Published	11/28/2023	Extramedullary hematopoiesis is seen in {{c2::myelofibrosis}}, {{c1::β-thalassemia major}}, sickle cell anemia, and rarely, with severe inflammat…
Published	11/30/2023	Aging decreases hematopoiesis through multiple cellular changes including {{c1::genetic instability}}, {{c1::epigenitic modulation}}, {{c1::reduced po…
Published	11/28/2023	Bone Marrow becomes the primary site of hematopoiesis during {{c1::6-9months of gestation}}
Published	11/28/2023	Receptor diversity for T cells and B cells is derived from:{{c1::multiple VDJ segments on each chromosome}}{{c2::random recombination of the VDJ segme…
Published	11/28/2023	{{c1::V+D+J rearrangement}} is needed for building {{c2::B-cell receptor heavy chains and T-cell receptor beta chains.}}
Published	11/28/2023	{{c1::V+J rearrangement}} is needed for building {{c2::B-cell receptor light chains and T-cell receptor alpha chains}}
Published	11/28/2023	{{c1::Recombination signal sequences}} align two gene segments that are about to be joined
Published	11/28/2023	For Thymocytes/T-cells, the {{c1::constant region}} is added to the VDJ antigen binding site before transcribing and translating to make {{c1::the bet…
Published	11/28/2023	{{c2::Allelic exclusion}} prevents another species of {{c1::the beta chain (T-cells) or heavy chain (B-cells)}} from being produced after a successful…
Published	11/28/2023	The beta chain is tested by seeing if it can {{c1::bind pre-T alpha and signal via CD3}}
Published	11/28/2023	The initial thymocyte will produce {{c1::double positive}} daughter cells that express both CD4 & CD8
Published	11/28/2023	Daughter cells have {{c1::identical}} beta chains but {{c1::rearranged unique}} alpha chains
Published	11/30/2023	For IgM B-cells, the {{c1::μ}} constant region is added after the VDJ sequence before transcribing and translating to make the {{c1::heavy}} chain
Published	11/28/2023	For B-cells {{c1::negative}} selection is checked first which is opposite of T-cells, which tests {{c1::positive then negative}}
Published	11/28/2023	{{c1::Intermediate binding}} to self antigen for B-cells leads to additional attempts at light chain rearrangement until the cell runs out of light ch…
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