Notes in 08 Kidneys

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: Kidneys Tc-99m DTPA is excreted by {{c1::glomerular filtration}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: Kidneys Tc-99m MAG3 can estimate {{c1::renal plasma flow}} and evaluate {{c2::renal perfusion}}, but cannot measur…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: Kidneys Tc-99m MAG3 is filtered and excreted by the {{c1::tubules}}.
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Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysAfter administration of Lasix, a clearance half-time of {{c1::<10 minutes}} is normal, 10-20 minutes is {{c2:…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysFalse positives (Lasix renogram is positive for obstruction in the absence of a true obstruction) can be seen wi…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: Kidneys{{c1::Ethacrynic acid}} is an alternative diuretic to Lasix in patients with {{c2::sulfa}} allergies, though in …
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysACE inhibitor renogram: If a patient is already on an ACE inhibitor, it should be stopped for {{c1::48 hour…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysACE inhibitor renogram: Intravenous access should be maintained in case fluid resuscitation is needed to tr…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysACE inhibitor renogram: A {{c1::single-day, two-stage::single-day, two-stage/two-day}} protocol comprises a…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysPositive criteria for MAG3 study include: {{c1::<40}}% uptake by one kidney at 2–3 minutesdifference in corti…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysACE inhibitor renogram: Bilateral worsening renograms can be caused by {{c1::hypotension::blood pressure}}, {{c2…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysRenal cortical imaging: A normal DMSA study excludes the diagnosis of {{c1::acute pyelonephritis}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysA positive study for pyelonephritis can have three patterns:{{c1::Focal cortical}} defect.{{c2::Multifocal corti…
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Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: Kidneys{{c1::Radionuclide cystography}} is the most sensitive test for evaluation of {{c2::reflux}} in {{c3::pediatric}…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysWhile transplanted kidneys are often initially evaluated by {{c1::ultrasound::modality}} and ultimately by {{c1:…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysRenogram of {{c1::Cyclosporin::drug}} nephrotoxicity appears similar to ATN, and occurs {{c2::after::before/afte…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysWhat is a common transplant complication that presents as progressive accumulation of activity ou…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysWhat common transplant complications may present as fixed perirenal photopenic areas on renogram?{{c1::Urinoma}}…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysSevere (Radionuclide cystography (RNC) grade III): {{c1::Severe reflux causing a tortuous ureter&…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysApproximated what % of Tc-99m DTPA is extrated by the glomerulus with each pass? {{c1::20}}
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysWhich part of the nephron is not imaged by a DMSA scan? {{c1::collecting system}}
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: Kidneys DMSA scanning is performed in {{c1::children}} to evaluate for the presence of renal scarring&nb…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: Kidneys MAG3 is cleared predominantly by the {{c1::proximal tubules::part of nephron}} with mi…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: Kidneys Greater than {{c1::50}}% of Tc-99m MAG3 is extracted by the glomerulus into the tubules wit…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: Kidneys MAG3 has a higher extraction fraction than DTPA, which provides better images in patients w…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: Kidneys Tc-99m DTPA can measure {{c1::glomerular filtration rate (GFR)}} and evaluate {{c1::renal p…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysA normal renal transplant should be visualized (by renogram) on the {{c1::flow}} phase withi…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysFor a nuclear renogram, approximately 10 mCi Tc-99m {{c1::MAG3}} is most commonly administered.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysA nuclear renogram is a time-activity curve that provides a graphical representation of {{c1…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysA positive {{c1::ACE renogram::nucs study}} is relatively specific for renal artery stenosis.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysFor an ACE renogram, the radiotracer is {{c1::Tc-99m MAG3}} is most commonly used.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysA positive ACE inhibitor renogram depends on the {{c1::radiotracer (MAG3 or DTPA)}} utilized, but the&…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysACE inhibitor renogram: A {{c1::two-day::single-day, two-stage/two-day}} protocol is usually used for …
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysWhat is excluded with a normal captopril study and thus eliminating the need for a baseline study?{{c1::renovasc…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysEffects on kidney function after ACEi administration:{{c1::efferent}} arterioles will relaxGFR → {{c2::decrease}…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysDecreased GFR causes diminished uptake and excretion of {{c1::DTPA::radiotracer}} because it is a {{c1::glomerul…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysWhat is a relative contraindication to a ACE inhibitor renogram? known {{c1::severe renal artery stenosis}}
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysWhat is the consequence to performing an ACE inhibitor renogram on a patient with known severe renal artery sten…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: Kidneys Effects on MAG3 uptake and secretion: reduced GFR → {{c1::generally preserved }}markedly reduced…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysWhich renal tracer is a specialized renal cortical agent that is bound in the renal tubules?{{c1::DMSA}}
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysDMSA is the only renal tracer where {{c1::SPECT::nuclear}} imaging is performed.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysFor radionuclide cystography, the radiotracer chosen is variable. Tc-99m {{c1::pertechnetate}}, Tc-99m {{c2…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysFor a radionuclide cystography, the radiotracer is injected {{c1::retrograde::anterograde/retrograde}} into the&…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysA {{c1::diuretic renogram}} can distinguish between obstruction and a nonobstructive cause o…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysIn a diurectic renogram  {{c1::renal function}} and {{c1::urodynamics}} are evaluated.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysThe radiotracer used in a diuretic renogram is more commonly Tc-99m {{c1::MAG3}}
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysAngiotensin II constricts the {{c1::efferent (outgoing)}} arterioles to restore {{c3::GFR}}.&nbsp…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: Kidneys When and at what dose is Lasix administered during a Lasix renogram?{{c1::After appoximately 20 minutes; 4…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysAfter lasix injection, a fixed mechanical obstruction will show {{c1::no change::change}} in the renog…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysAfter lasix injection, in a {{c2::nonobstructive::obstructive/nonobstructive}} case, the additional pressur…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysWhat is the radiotracer used in renal cortical imaging?{{c1::Tc-99m DMSA}}
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysRenal cortical imaging is limited to renal imaging in {{c1::children::population}} to evaluate for {{c2::py…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysAcute rejection occurs within {{c1::weeks to three months::time frame}} after surgery.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysRenogram of Acute rejection presents as  {c1::decreased}} perfusion and {{c1::marked::m…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysAcute tubular necrosis (ATN) occurs within {{c1::3–4}} days after surgery and results from {{c1::…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysChronic kidney rejection occurs {{c1::months to years::time frame}} after surgery.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysRenogram findings of chronic rejection is characterized by {{c1::progressive worsening}} perfusio…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysRenogram of Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is characterized by {{c1::normal}} perfusion, but {{c1::…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysHyperacute kidney rejection produces immediate {{c1::vascular thrombosis}} in the transplanted kidney
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysRenogram of Hyperacute kidney rejection is characterized by {{c1::absent}} perfusion an…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysClearance (3rd) phase of a renogram is characterized by {{c1::rapid urine excretion}} into t…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysIn a normal renogram half of the renal activity should be cleared in {{c1::8–12 minutes::tim…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysLack of pelvicalyceal clearance in the clearance phase of a renogram suggests {{c1::obstruction}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysCortical function (2nd) phase of a renogram usually occurs in the {{c1::first 1–3 minutes::t…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysDecreased renal function produces {{c1::delayed::early/delayed}} cortical uptake in the cortical function phase.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysRenogram: {{c1::Cortical transit}} of radiotracer can be quantified by the {{c2::20 minute-to-peak}} ratio,…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysWhat is a normal 20 minute-to-peak ratio?{{c1::<0.3}}
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysDifferential (or split) renal function is determined during the {{c1::cortical}} phase&…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysNormal range of cortical phase activity for each kidney is {{c1::45–55}}%.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysFlow or perfusion (1st)}} phase has a {{c1::sharp::sharp/slow}} upslope and l…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysOn renogram, normal kidneys are visualized within {{c1::2–5 seconds::time frame}} following visualization of the…
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysA slow upslope in in flow phase suggests {{c1::decreased::increased/decreased}} perfusion.
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysMinimal (Radionuclide cystography (RNC) grade I): {{c1::Reflux is confined to the ureter}}
Published	05/01/2023	Nuclear and Molecular Imaging: KidneysModerate (Radionuclide cystography (RNC) grade II: {{c1::Reflux extends superiorly to the pelvicalyceal system.}…
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