Notes in E.1. Myeloid Proliferation

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Published	10/21/2024	The common feature of myeloid neoplasms is their origin from {{c1::hematopoietic progenitor cells}}.
Published	10/21/2024	Myeloid neoplasms primarily involve {{c1::marrow}} and to a lesser degree the {{c1::secondary hematopoietic organs}}
Published	10/21/2024	Myeloid neoplasms usually present symptoms related to?
Published	10/21/2024	Three broad, major categories of myeloid neoplasms exist
Published	10/21/2024	Pathogenesis of myeloid neoplasms is a result form the {{c1::derangement of normal hematopoiesis}}
Published	10/21/2024	Deranged mechanisms of normal hematopoiesis in myeloid neoplasm include
Published	10/21/2024	The specific manifestations of the different myeloid neoplasms are influenced by
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)}} is a tumor of hematopoietic progenitors caused by acquired oncogenic mutations that impede differentiation
Published	10/21/2024	{{c2::Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)}} leads to the accumulation of immature myeloid blasts in the {{c1::marrow}}
Published	10/21/2024	The replacement of the marrow in AML with blasts produces marrow failure and complications related to {{c1::anemia::particular increase or decrease in…
Published	10/21/2024	Pathogenesis in AMLMutations in AML tend to fall into four functional categories:
Published	10/21/2024	These two genes encode polypeptides that bind one another to form a RUNX1/CBFB transcription factor that is required for normal hematopoiesis.
Published	10/21/2024	These two genes: t(8;21) and inv(16) encode polypeptides that bind one another to form a {{c1::RUNX1/CBFB transcription factor}} that is required for …
Published	10/21/2024	t (15;17) is another translocation is the translocation of 15 and 17 and is found in {{c1::acute promyelocytic leukemia}}
Published	10/21/2024	Receptor tyrosine kinase that transmits signals that mimic normal growth factor signaling
Published	10/21/2024	The diagnosis of AML is based on the presence of at least {{c1::20% myeloid blasts}} in the bone marrow.
Published	10/21/2024	Myeloblasts have delicate nuclear chromatin, {{c1::two to four}} nucleoli, and {{c2::more voluminous}} cytoplasm than lymphoblasts
Published	10/21/2024	The cytoplasm of myeloblasts often contains?
Published	10/21/2024	These are distinctive needle-like azurophilic granules that are present in many cases of AML; they are particularly numerous in AML with the t(15;17) …
Published	10/21/2024	Monoblasts have {{c1::folded or lobulated nuclei}}, {{c2::lack Auer rods}}, and are {{c3::nonspecific esterase-positive}}.
Published	10/21/2024	Blasts are entirely absent from the blood like in {{c1::aleukemic leukemia}}.
Published	10/21/2024	A {{c1::bone marrow examination}} is essential to exclude acute leukemia in cytochromic patients due to the aleukemic leukemia chracateristics.
Published	10/21/2024	Because it can be difficult to distinguish myeloblasts and lymphoblasts morphologically, the diagnosis of AML is confirmed by performing stains for {{…
Published	10/21/2024	AML arising de novo in {{c1::younger adults}} is commonly associated with balanced chromosomal translocations, particularly t(8;21), inv(16), and t(15…
Published	10/21/2024	In contrast, AML following MDS or exposure to DNA-damaging agents often has {{c1::deletions or monosomies}} involving {{c2::chromosomes 5 and 7}}
Published	10/21/2024	AML occurring after treatment with {{c1::topoisomerase II inhibitors}}, which is strongly associated with translocations involving the KTM2A gene on c…
Published	10/21/2024	AML in {{c1::older adults}} also is more likely to be associated with “bad” aberrations such as deletions of chromosomes 5q and 7q and complex karyoty…
Published	10/21/2024	AML:Most patients present within weeks or a few months of the onset of symptoms with complaints related to→ {{c1::Anemia}} → {{c2::Neutropenia}} → {{c…
Published	10/21/2024	{{c1::Procoagulants}} and {{c2::fibrinolytic factors}} released by leukemic cells, especially in {{c3::AML with the t(15;17)}} exacerbate the bleeding…
Published	10/21/2024	AML mutation that have the best prognosis of any type
Published	10/21/2024	refers to a group of clonal stem cell disorders characterized by maturation defects that are associated with ineffective hematopoiesis and a high risk…
Published	10/21/2024	In MDS, the bone marrow is partly or wholly replaced by the {{c1:: clonal progeny}} of a neoplastic multipotent stem cell that retains the capacity to…
Published	10/21/2024	The affected proteins can be lumped into three major functional categories:{{c1::Epigenetic factors}}{{c1::RNA splicing factors}}{{c1::Transcription f…
Published	10/21/2024	Affected proteins in MDS:Transcription factors-Most of the mutations are loss-of-function mutations in genes such as {{c1::RUNX1}}
Published	10/21/2024	MDS:The most characteristic finding is {{c1::disordered (dysplastic) differentiation}} affecting the {{c2::erythroid}}, {{c2::granulocytic}}, {{c2::mo…
Published	10/21/2024	Bone marrow in MDS is usually {{c1::hypercellular}} at diagnosis
Published	10/21/2024	MDS:Within the erythroid series, common abnormalities include {{c1::ring sideroblasts}}
Published	10/21/2024	MDSMost characteristic finding:{{c1::Pseudo–Pelger-Hüet}} cells, neutrophils with only two nuclear lobes
Published	10/21/2024	MDSMost characteristic finding:Megakaryocytes with single nuclear lobes or multiple separate nuclei is called {{c1::pawn ball megakaryocytes}}
Published	10/21/2024	Primary MDS is predominantly a disease of {{c1::older adults}}; the mean age of onset is {{c2::70 years}}.
Published	10/21/2024	MDSWhen symptomatic, it presents with{{c1::weakness,}}{{c1::infections,}}{{c1::hemorrages}}
Published	10/21/2024	MDSWhen symptomatic, it presents with weakness, infections, and hemorrhages, all due to {{c1::pancytopenia}}.
Published	10/21/2024	The common pathogenic feature of myeloproliferative neoplasms is the presence of mutated, constitutively→ Presence of mutated, constitutively activate…
Published	10/21/2024	Common features among MPNs: → {{c1::Increased}} proliferative drive in the BM → Produce {{c2::extramedullary}} hematopoiesis → Marrow fibrosis and {{c…
Published	10/21/2024	Chronic Myeloid Leukemia CML is distinguished from other myeloproliferative neoplasms by the presence of a chimeric {{c1::BCR-ABL gene}}
Published	10/21/2024	CML{{c1::BCR-ABL}} preferentially drives the proliferation of granulocytic and megakaryocytic progenitors and also causes the abnormal release of imma…
Published	10/21/2024	CMLThe marrow is markedly {{c1::hypercellular}} because of massively increased numbers of maturing {{c2::granulocytic precursors}}
Published	10/21/2024	CMLA characteristic finding is the presence of {{c1::scattered macrophages}} with abundant wrinkled, green-blue cytoplasm—so-called {{c2::sea-blue his…
Published	10/21/2024	CMLThe blood reveals a {{c1::leukocytosis}}, often exceeding 100,000 cells/mm3
Published	10/21/2024	CML is best differentiated from other myeloproliferative neoplasms by detection of the {{c1::BCR-ABL}} fusion gene
Published	10/21/2024	CMLTreatment with {{c1::BCR-ABL inhibitors}} results in sustained hematologic remissions in greater than 90% of patients, with generally tolerable sid…
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