Notes in L17 - TCA/Krebs

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Published	11/02/2024	Vitamin names:{{c2::B1}} : {{c1::thiamine}}{{c2::B2}} : {{c1::riboflavin}}{{c2::B3}} : {{c1::niacin (nicotinamic acid)}}
Published	11/02/2024	Where is pyruvate dehydrogenase found?{{c1::in the matrix of the mitochondria}}
Published	11/02/2024	The citric acid cycle occurs in the {{c1::mitochondrial matrix}}
Published	11/02/2024	Pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of {{c1::pyruvate}} to {{c1::acetyl-CoA}} using {{c1::vitamins B1, B2, B3, CoA, and lipoic acid}} as c…
Published	11/02/2024	Pyruvate dehydrogenase is allosterically activated by {{c1::NAD+ and pyruvate}}, it is allosterically inhibited by {{c1::NADH and acetyl-CoA}}
Published	11/02/2024	The net products of the citric acid cycle are:{{c1::2 CO23 NADH1 FADH21 GTPCoA}}
Published	11/02/2024	Citrate synthase is allosterically inhibited by {{c1::citrate}} and activated by {{c1::substrate availability}}
Published	11/02/2024	Isocitrate dehydrogenase is allosterically activated by {{c1::ADP and Ca2+}} and is inhibited by {{c1::ATP and NADH}}
Published	11/02/2024	α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is allostericallly activated by {{c1::NAD+}} and {{c1::Ca2+}} (muscle). It is allosterically inhibited by {{c1::NAD…
Published	11/02/2024	the 3 irreversible steps of the TCA cycle are catalyzed by which enzmes?{{c1::isocitrate dehydrogenaseα-ketoglutarate dehydrogenasecitrate synthase}}
Published	11/02/2024	the outer membrane of the mitochondria contains {{c1::porins}} that make it permeable to {{c1::small molecules (i.e ions, ATP, ADP, Pi)}}
Published	11/02/2024	the inner membrane of the mitochondria is {{c1::impermeable}} and requires transport proteins to cross it
Published	11/02/2024	Overall PDH reaction: {{c1::Pyruvate + CoA + NAD+ → Acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH}}
Published	11/02/2024	are the reactions of the PDH complex reversible?{{c1::no}}
Published	11/02/2024	the 3 PDH complex enzymes and their actions areE1 - {{c1::pyruvate decarboxylase/dehydrogenase}}: {{c2::releases 1 CO2 (1 carbon)}}E2 - {{c1::dihydrol…
Published	11/02/2024	coenzymes required for the enzymes of the PDH complex:E1: {{c1::TPP}}E2: {{c1::lipoic acid and CoA}}E3: {{c1::FAD and NAD+}}
Published	11/02/2024	the PDH complex is inhibited by high levels of {{c1::product}}, {{c1::acetyl CoA}}, and {{c1::NADH}} as they activate {{c1::PDH kinase}}
Published	11/02/2024	PDH kinase {{c1::phosphorylates}} E1 of the PDH complex and therefore {{c1::inhibits}} it PDH phosphatase {{c1::dephosphorylates}} E1 of the PDH …
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::calcium}} activates PDH phosphatase leading to active E1 which is important in skeletal muscle, as it requires ATP for contraction
Published	11/02/2024	the PDH complex is activated by high levels of {{c1::substrate}} and {{c1::pyruvate }} as they inhibit {{c1::PDH kinase}}
Published	11/02/2024	PDH complex mutations are rare but can cause {{c1::CNS disorders}} if they occur
Published	11/02/2024	Congenital lactic acidosis (rare) is a {{c1::genetic mutation}} most commonly caused by a deficiency of the {{c1::α subunits of E1 of the PDH com…
Published	11/02/2024	Congenital lactic acidosis is {{c1::X-linked dominant::inheritance pattern}} and can cause {{c1::neurodegeneration}}, {{c1::muscle spasticity}}, and {…
Published	11/02/2024	riboflavin (B2) and niacin (B3) are required to produce {{c1::FAD}} and {{c1::NAD+}}, respectively
Published	11/02/2024	Arsenic poisoning inhibits complexes that require {{c1::lipoic acid}} which includes the PDH complex
Published	11/02/2024	In either genetic or coenzyme-related deficiency, pyruvate cannot be converted to acetyl CoA, so it is converted more to {{c1::lactate}} which can lea…
Published	11/02/2024	citrate synthase reaction:{{c1::A-CoA + Oxaloacetate (OAA) → Citrate}}
Published	11/02/2024	isocitrate dehydrogenase produces {{c1::1 NADH}} and {{c1::1 CO2}}
Published	11/02/2024	α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is similar to PDH complex but {{c1::isn't regulated by phosphorylation}}
Published	11/02/2024	α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex produces {{c1::1 NADH}} and {{c1::1 CO2}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::glucose}}, {{c1::amino acids}}, and {{c1::fatty acids}} can be broken down to acetyl CoA
Published	11/02/2024	intermediates of the TCA cycle can be used as {{c1::building blocks for other molecules}} when nutrient levels are high
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::anaplerotic reactions}} are metabolic processes that replenish intermediates of the TCA cycle if they're being utilized elsewhere
Published	11/02/2024	pyruvate carboxylase (PC) can replenish {{c1::oxaloacetate}} from {{c1::pyruvate}}
Published	11/02/2024	pyruvate carboxylase can be activated by {{c1::acetyl coA}} and is a sign that oxaloacetate levels are not being properly replenished in the cycle
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Glucogenic}} amino acids can be converted to pyruvate and then to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase
Published	11/02/2024	Amino acid glutamine can be converted to glutamate and then to {{c1::α-ketoglutarate}} by {{c1::glutamate dehydrogenase}}
Published	11/02/2024	The TCA cycle interacts with many other pathways especially {{c1::glucose}}, {{c1::fatty acid (FA)}}, and {{c1::amino acid (AA)}} metabolism
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