Notes in Week 1

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	02/11/2025	The right atrium receives oxygen {{c1::poor}} blood from the {{c1::superior vena cava}}, {{c1::inferior vena cava}}, and {{c1::coronary sinus}}
Published	02/11/2025	The right ventricle receives oxygen {{c1::poor}} blood from the {{c1::right atrium}} via {{c1::tricuspid}} valve
Published	02/11/2025	The right ventricle pumps oxygen {{c1::poor}} blood into the {{c1::pulmonary trunk}} via {{c1::pulmonary}} valve
Published	02/11/2025	The left atrium receives oxygen {{c1::rich}} blood from the {{c1::pulmonary}} veins
Published	02/11/2025	The left ventricle receives oxygen {{c1::rich}} blood from the {{c1::left atrium}} via {{c1::bicuspid (mitral)}} valve
Published	02/11/2025	The left ventricle pumps oxygen {{c1::rich}} blood into {{c1::ascending aorta}} via {{c1::aortic}} valve
Published	02/11/2025	The superficial layers of the chest wall:{{c1::Skin}}Superficial {{c1::fascia}}Deep {{c1::fascia on muscles}}
Published	02/11/2025	Deeper layers of the chest wall:Ribs with {{c1::intercostal muscles}}{{c1::Endothoracic fascia}}{{c1::Parietal pleura}}
Published	02/11/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.017:top=.1936:width=.0942:height=.0591:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0132:top=.3434:width=.147:height=.0571:…
Published	02/11/2025	Sternal angle is at level of rib {{c1::2}} and the intervertebral disc between T{{c1::4}} and T{{c1::5}} which is known as the {{c1::transverse thorac…
Published	02/11/2025	The xiphoid process is at T{{c1::10}}, about where rib {{c1::7}} attaches
Published	02/11/2025	Functions of the intercostal muscles:External- {{c1::inspiration}}Internal- {{c1::expiration}}Innermost- {{c1::expiration}}
Published	02/11/2025	The orientation of the neurovascular bundle of intercostal muscles from superior to inferior:{{c1::Vein}}{{c1::Artery}}{{c1::Nerve}}
Published	02/11/2025	The location of the neurovascular bundle of intercostal muscles from superior to inferior:In the rib's subcostal groove between the {{c1::internal}} a…
Published	02/11/2025	What is the origin of the posterior intercostal arteries?{{c1::Aorta}}
Published	02/11/2025	What is the origin of the anterior intercostal artery?{{c1::Internal thoracic}} artery
Published	02/11/2025	What type of joints are costovertebral and costotransverse?These are {{c1::synovial}} joints of the {{c1::plane}} type
Published	02/11/2025	What breathing pattern is associated with flail chest?{{c1::Paradoxical}} breathing → the separated portion moves {{c1::inward}} with inspiration and …
Published	02/11/2025	Direct damage to the phrenic nerve will cause paralysis of the {{c1::ipsilateral::ipsilateral/contralateral}} {{c1::hemi-diaphragm}} due to loss of mo…
Published	02/11/2025	The diaphragm is innervated by the {{c1::phrenic}} nerve and therefore pain may radiate from the diaphragm to the {{c1::shoulder}} region correspondin…
Published	02/11/2025	When aspirating the pleural cavity, a chest tube is places immediately {{c1::superior}} to a lower rib to avoid damaging {{c1::neurovasculature}} in t…
Published	02/11/2025	{{c1::Pleurisy}} is inflammation of the pleura and can be due to various causes such as {{c1::viruses}}, {{c1::pneumonia}}, and {{c1::autoimmune}} dis…
Published	02/11/2025	Pleurisy is painful due to the inflamed pleural surfaces rubbing agaisnt each other, causing {{c1::friction}} with each breathThese painful signals ar…
Published	02/13/2025	Flail chest occurs when multiple adjacent ribs are broken in at least {{c1::two}} places, separating a portion of the {{c1::rib cage}} from the rest o…
Published	02/11/2025	What nerve is located in intercostal space 4? {{c1::Intercostal nerve 4}}
Published	02/11/2025	Is intercostal nerve 4 a somatic or visceral nerve? What does it innervate? {{c1::Somatic}} nerve - branches of {{c1::ventral}} rami Innerva…
Published	02/13/2025	{{c1::Pleural effusion}} is an accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity, which restricts lung {{c1::expansion}} making it diffucult to breath
Published	02/13/2025	Pleural effusions may be caused by: Trauma resulting in {{c1::bleeding}} Infection with {{c1::pus}} formation Systemic disease causing …
Published	02/13/2025	An Xray of a patient with a pleural effusion with show a {{c1::blunted costophrenic angle}}
Published	02/13/2025	Pleural effusions may be apsirated through {{c1::thoracocentesis}}
Published	02/13/2025	If a patient were to inhale a foreign body, what airway is likely to be obstructed? {{c1::Right}} main bronchus, which is {{c1::wider}} and more …
Published	02/13/2025	During an intubation, if the ETT is advanced too far it is likely to enter the {{c1::right}} main bronchus and block the {{c1::left}} → this would cau…
Published	02/13/2025	The {{c1::connective tissue}} between lung segments helps prevent spread of infection within the lung
Published	02/13/2025	A {{c1::segmentectomy}}, removal of isolated lung segments, is done with relatively little {{c1::bleeding}} due to the small number of blood vessels w…
Published	02/13/2025	What lymph nodes are commonly enlarged by metastatic cancer, infection, or sarcoidosis? {{c1::Hilar}} lymph nodes = {{c1::Pulmonary}} lymph nodes…
Published	02/13/2025	Infection, surgery, radiation, or uremia may cause inflammation of the pericardium, which is known as? {{c1::Pericarditis}}
Published	02/13/2025	A patient with pericarditis may present with {{c1::chest pain}} due to {{c1::pericardial friction rub}}
Published	02/13/2025	Pericardial friction rub is the rubbing betwen {{c1::visceral}} and {{c1::parietal}} layers of the pericardium, producing a "{{c1::rustle of silk}}" s…
Published	02/13/2025	{{c1::Pericardial effusion}} is the buildup of excess fluid in the pericardial cavity
Published	02/13/2025	A rapid increase of fluid in the pericardium can cause {{c1::cardiac tamponade}}
Published	02/14/2025	The three most common sites of stenosis in descending order: {{c1::LAD}} {{c1::RCA}} {{c1::Circumflex}}
Published	02/13/2025	{{c1::Coronary angiography}} is used to visualize the lumen of coronary arteries A catheter is passed from the {{c1::femoral}} artery into the {{…
Published	02/13/2025	What are two procedures used to treat severe coronary artery stenosis? {{c1::Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)}}{{c1::Coronary angioplasty}}&nb…
Published	02/13/2025	What valve is most commonly involved in infective endocarditis caused by IV drug use? {{c1::Tricuspid valve}}
Published	02/13/2025	Infection of heart valves will cause {{c1::large vegetations}} to grow on the {{c1::cusps}} or attached {{c1::chordae tendinae}}
Published	02/14/2025	What is the embryologic structure of left and right ventricles{{c1::Primitive ventricle}} and {{c1::bulbus cordis}} together
Published	02/14/2025	What is the embryologic structure which contributes to vessel walls between aorta and pulmonary trunk; contributes to membranous part of interventricu…
Published	02/17/2025	Diastole is ventricular {{c1::filling}} AV valves {{c1::open}} allowing blood from atria to {{c1::fill}} ventriclesPapillary muscles and chordae …
Published	02/17/2025	Systole is ventricular {{c1::contraction}} AV valves {{c1::closed}} by {{c1::contraction}} of ventriclesPapillary muscles and chordae tendinae ar…
Published	02/14/2025	What is the embryologic structure of common carotid arteries{{c1::Left and right 3rd}} aortic arch
Published	02/14/2025	What is the embryologic structure of part of aortic arch{{c1::Left 4th}} aortic arch
Published	02/14/2025	What is the embryologic structure of part of right subclavian artery{{c1::Right 4th}} aortic arch
Published	02/14/2025	What is the embryologic structure of ligamentum arteriosum, pulmonary arteries; forms ductus arteriosus in embryo{{c1::Left 6th}} aortic arch
Published	02/14/2025	What is the embryologic structure of proximal inferior vena cava{{c1::Right vitelline}} vein
Published	02/14/2025	What is the embryologic structure of superior vena cava{{c1::Right common cardinal}} vein and part of {{c1::right anterior cardinal}} vein
Published	02/14/2025	What is the embryologic structure of right brachiocephalic vein{{c1::Distal right anterior cardinal}} vein
Published	02/13/2025	The {{c1::SA}} node functions as the heart's pacemaker, maintaining a baseline HR of {{c1::70}} BPM
Published	02/13/2025	The {{c1::AV}} node connects the atria to the ventricles, which are otherwise electrically isolated
Published	02/13/2025	The {{c1::AV bundle (bundle of His)}} branches into the left and right bundle branches
Published	02/13/2025	The right and left bundle branches terminate in the myocardium as {{c1::Perkinje fibers (subendocardial branches) }}
Published	02/13/2025	Outline the path of an electrical signal in the conduction system of the heart: {{c1::SA node}} → {{c1::AV node}} → {{c1::bundle of His}} → {{c1:…
Published	02/14/2025	Consequences of looping:{{c1::Arterial}} and {{c1::venous}} ends of heart are brought closer, cranially
Published	02/13/2025	Which type of blood vessel has extensive elastic tissue and smooth muscle?{{c1::Artery}}
Published	02/13/2025	Arteries are under {{c1::high}} pressure
Published	02/13/2025	The blood volume contained in the arteries is called the {{c1::stressed volume}}
Published	02/13/2025	The smallest branches of arteries are known as {{c1::arterioles}}
Published	02/13/2025	{{c1::Arterioles}} are a type of blood vessel with the highest resistance in the cardiovascular system
Published	02/13/2025	Arteriolar resistance is regulated by the {{c1::sympathetic}} nervous system
Published	02/13/2025	What type of adrenergic receptor is found on the arterioles of skin, splanchnic, and renal circulation?{{c1::α1-adrenergic re…
Published	02/13/2025	What type of adrenergic receptors are found on the arterioles of skeletal muscle?{{c1::α1- and β2-adrenergic receptors::2}}
Published	02/13/2025	Which type of blood vessel has the largest combined total cross-sectional and surface area?{{c1::Capillaries}}
Published	02/13/2025	Which type of blood vessel is the site of exchange of nutrients, water, and gases?{{c1::Capillaries}}
Published	02/13/2025	{{c1::Capillaries}} are thin-walled blood vessels that consist of a single layer of endothelial cells surrounded by a basal lamina
Published	02/13/2025	Veins are under {{c1::low}} pressure
Published	02/13/2025	The blood volume contained in the veins is called the {{c1::unstressed volume}}
Published	02/13/2025	What type of adrenergic receptor do veins have?{{c1::α1-adrenergic receptors}}
Published	02/13/2025	What type of blood vessel contains the largest percentage of blood in the cardiovascular system?{{c1::Veins}}
Published	02/13/2025	The SA node is commonly supplied by the {{c1::right coronary}} arteryThe AV node is commonly supplied by the {{c1::dominant (…
Published	02/13/2025	The {{c1::pericardial cavity}} lies between parietal and visceral layers of serous pericardium
Published	02/13/2025	Which artery supplies the posterior third of the interventricular septum?{{c1::Posterior descending artery (PDA)}}
Published	02/13/2025	Which artery supplies the anterior two-thirds of the interventricular septum?{{c1::Left anterior descending artery (LAD)}}
Published	02/13/2025	Which arteries supply the anterolateral papillary muscle?{{c1::LCX, LAD::2}}
Published	02/13/2025	Which layer of the heart wall is most vulnerable to hypoxia/ischemia?{{c1::Subendocardium (LV)}}
Published	02/13/2025	On a CT of the thorax, the {{c1::trachea}} is a good landmark to localize the esophagus (located posteriorly) and the gr…
Published	02/13/2025	On a PA chest x-ray of the thorax, the {{c1::right atrium}} composes most of the right side of the cardiac silhouette
Published	02/13/2025	The {{c1::right ventricle}} composes the majority of the anterior surface of the heart
Published	02/13/2025	Most of the venous drainage from the myocardium traverses the {{c1::coronary sinus (CS)}}, which delivers deoxygenated b…
Published	02/13/2025	Any factor that causes increased {{c1::right atrial}} pressure will cause coronary sinus dilation
Published	02/13/2025	When the {{c1::posterior descending artery (PDA)}} arises from the {{c1::right coronary}} artery, it is referred to as right-dominant c…
Published	02/13/2025	When the {{c1::posterior descending artery (PDA)}} arises from the {{c1::left circumflex}} artery, it is referred to as left-dominant c…
Published	02/13/2025	When the {{c1::posterior descending artery (PDA)}} arises from both the right coronary artery and left circumflex artery…
Published	02/14/2025	{{c0::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0956:top=.6337:width=.1137:height=.0594:oi=1}}{{c0::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0646:top=.4356:width=.1318:height=.071…
Published	02/14/2025	Right atrium inflow: {{c1::superior}} & {{c1::inferior}} {{c1::vena cava}}, {{c1::coronary sinus }}Right atrium outflow: {{c1::tricuspid valv…
Published	02/14/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0626:top=.5134:width=.1296:height=.0952:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3424:top=.9136:width=.1208:height=.051…
Published	02/14/2025	Right ventricle inflow via {{c1::tricuspid valve}} Right ventricle outflow: {{c1::infundibulum}} to {{c1::pulmonary trunk}}
Published	02/14/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7327:top=.587:width=.2121:height=.0548:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7312:top=.4678:width=.2445:height=.0453…
Published	02/14/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0449:top=.4176:width=.1561:height=.0859:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2747:top=.8819:width=.1812:height=.095…
Published	02/14/2025	Left atrium inflow: {{c1::pulmonary veins}}Left atrium outflow: {{c1::bicuspid valve}}
Published	02/14/2025	Left ventricle inflow via {{c1::bicuspid valve}} Left ventricle outflow: {{c1::aortic vestibule}} to {{c1::aortic valve}}
Published	02/14/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0125:top=.1011:width=.1473:height=.0536:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3969:top=.0954:width=.1222:height=.047…
Published	02/14/2025	{{c1::Primitive ventricle}} and {{c1::proximal bulbus cordis}} give rise to left and right inflow tracts of ventricles, respectively{{c1::Distal bulbu…
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6263:top=.2518:width=.1759:height=.0483:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6815:top=.4664:width=.299:height=.0444…
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6388:top=.2879:width=.1759:height=.0373:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.6489:top=.4894:width=.2601:height=.042…
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5823:top=.1856:width=.1294:height=.04:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4416:top=.4544:width=.1018:height=.0325:…
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2644:top=.2144:width=.1482:height=.0854:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2456:top=.6395:width=.1369:height=.083…
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7029:top=.2011:width=.1796:height=.0792:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7067:top=.6389:width=.1746:height=.075…
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2016:top=.3416:width=.0829:height=.0736:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0647:top=.4932:width=.0942:height=.075…
Published	02/17/2025	What chamber of the heart makes up the base near the esophagus? {{c1::Left atrium}} Its position allows for good visualization with a {{c1::…
Published	02/17/2025	What valve is most commonly affected in chronic rheumatic heart disease? {{c1::Mitral/bicuspid}} valve, likely due to the increased mechanical st…
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.517:top=.2689:width=.0477:height=.0504:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4466:top=.3426:width=.0452:height=.0396…
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::Sclerosis}} is the calcification of valves, which may occur as we age
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1866:top=.4322:width=.049:height=.0405:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1351:top=.5291:width=.0465:height=.0458…
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1564:top=.0764:width=.2023:height=.0474:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0534:top=.2404:width=.2764:height=.043…
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1778:top=.0542:width=.2312:height=.055:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0207:top=.1831:width=.2387:height=.0395…
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5408:top=.099:width=.0905:height=.0375:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7531:top=.1484:width=.2148:height=.0358…
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2255:top=.0746:width=.1545:height=.0378:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.7657:top=.089:width=.2173:height=.0468…
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5258:top=.4863:width=.0716:height=.0402:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5521:top=.6216:width=.0465:height=.025…
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5722:top=.3649:width=.0729:height=.035:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5396:top=.5515:width=.0226:height=.0292…
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5446:top=.3071:width=.0741:height=.0439:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.331:top=.4369:width=.0616:height=.0439…
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5019:top=.0782:width=.0565:height=.0466:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4906:top=.2021:width=.054:height=.0422…
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4881:top=.211:width=.0377:height=.0454:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4491:top=.2959:width=.0389:height=.0293…
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4918:top=.1352:width=.0389:height=.0624:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.532:top=.2338:width=.0653:height=.0348…
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5195:top=.2321:width=.049:height=.0365:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4416:top=.27:width=.0616:height=.0365:o…
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4969:top=.3026:width=.0628:height=.0405:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5697:top=.333:width=.0641:height=.0347…
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2971:top=.0622:width=.0691:height=.0397:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1062:top=.1813:width=.044:height=.0417…
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.0534:top=.1295:width=.2362:height=.0368:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.5622:top=.3252:width=.0402:height=.030…
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.1778:top=.0421:width=.1683:height=.0469:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.4692:top=.4054:width=.0465:height=.041…
Published	02/17/2025	The superior mediastinum contains {{c1::adipose}} and {{c1::loose connective tissue}} for mobility of organs during breathing, swallowing, and blood c…
Published	02/17/2025	What travels in carotid sheath with carotid artery and internal jugular vein?{{c1::Vagus nerves}}
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::Sympathetic::Sympathetic/Parasympathetic}} motor nerves join the vagus nerves to form the {{c1::cardiac}} and {{c1::pulmonary}} plexuses
Published	02/17/2025	The phrenic nerves travel within what?{{c1::Fibrous pericardium}}
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2162:top=.359:width=.1917:height=.0476:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3233:top=.6081:width=.0808:height=.0513…
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.3323:top=.282:width=.0427:height=.0424:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2682:top=.4965:width=.0804:height=.0401…
Published	02/17/2025	{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2695:top=.2711:width=.1608:height=.0447:oi=1}}{{c1::image-occlusion:rect:left=.2745:top=.586:width=.1055:height=.0447…
Published	02/19/2025	Location of the esophagus:Travels through the {{c1::posterior mediastinum}}{{c1::Anterior}} to the vertebral column and to the {{c1::right}} of the de…
Published	02/20/2025	The thoracic aorta passes thru the diaphram via {{c1::aortic hiatus}} at T{{c1::12}}
Published	02/18/2025	If sclerosis causes narrowing or thickening of a valve and reduces its function, then the condition is known as {{c1::stenosis}}
Published	02/18/2025	Paired branches of descending aorta:{{c1::Posterior intercostal}} arteries
Published	02/18/2025	Unpaired branches of descending aorta:{{c1::Esophageal}} arteries{{c1::Bronchial}} arteries
Published	02/17/2025	What valve is most commonly stenosed? {{c1::Aortic}} valveTherefore {{c1::aortic}} valve replacement for {{c1::aortic}} stenosis is the most comm…
Published	02/17/2025	Azygous system of veins: AzygousAzygous is on the {{c1::right}} sideSuperior continuation of {{c1::right ascending lumbar}} veinDrains posterior inter…
Published	02/17/2025	Azygous system of veins: HemiazygousHemiazygous is on the {{c1::left}} sideSuperior continuation of {{c1::left ascending lumbar}} veinDrains posterior…
Published	02/17/2025	Azygous system of veins: Accessorry hemiazygousAccessory hemiazygous is on the {{c1::left}} sideDrains posterior intercostal veins {{c1::5-8}}Empties …
Published	02/17/2025	Fluid filled sac = {{c1::cistern}}Lymph with fats = {{c1::chyle}}
Published	02/18/2025	The sounds of individial valves closing are best heard at defined auscultation sites "downstream" of the valve, these sites are: Tricuspid area: …
Published	02/17/2025	Thoracic duct location:{{c1::Posterior}} to esophagus{{c1::Left}} of the azygous veinEmpties into {{c1::left}} venous angleCrosses to left at T{{c1::4…
Published	02/17/2025	Sympathetic nerves:{{c1::Greater splanchnic}} T5-9{{c1::Lesser splanchnic}} T10-11{{c1::Least splanchnic}} T12
Published	02/17/2025	Parasympathetic nerves:{{c1::Vagus}} CN X
Published	02/17/2025	ANS plexuses:{{c1::Cardiac}} plexus{{c1::Pulmonary}} plexus{{c1::Esophageal}} plexus
Published	02/17/2025	Aortic dissections occur when the {{c1::intima (inner wall)}} of the aorta is torn, creating a {{c1::false lumen}}
Published	02/17/2025	Sympathetic trunk and branches:Originate in {{c1::lateral}} horns of spinal cord at {{c1::T1-L2}} levelsPreganglionic fibers enter chain thru {{c1::wh…
Published	02/18/2025	Sympathetic trunk and branches:Gray rami communicans connect with {{c1::intercostal}} nerves which carry sympathetic {{c1::motor}} signals to the skin
Published	02/17/2025	Sympathetic trunk and branches:Medial branches innervate {{c1::viscera}}
Published	02/17/2025	Sympathetic trunk and branches:Spinal segments {{c1::T1-4}} innervate thoracic viscera and contribute to the cardiac, pulmonary, and esophageal plexus…
Published	02/17/2025	Stanford Type A aortic dissections involve the {{c1::ascending}} aorta with or without the {{c1::descending}} aortaStanford Type B aortic dissections …
Published	02/17/2025	Aortic dissections can cause a {{c1::dissecting}} anerysm, which is swelling of the {{c1::aorta}} caused by the pooling of blood in the false lumen
Published	02/17/2025	True aneurysm is a risk factor for aortic {{c1::dissection}} and {{c1::rupture}}
Published	02/18/2025	The posterior intercostal arteries form an {{c1::anastomosis}} with the anterior intercostal arteries that branch off the {{c1::internal thoracic}} ar…
Published	02/18/2025	A patent ductus arteriosus occurs when the {{c1::ductus arteriosus}} does not close after birth PDA's allow bood from the {{c1::high::high/low}} …
Published	02/18/2025	Describe the mumur caused by a patent ductus arteriosus{{c1::Continuous}}, {{c1::machine-like}} murmur
Published	02/18/2025	What are 2 consequences of a patent ductus arteriosus? {{c1::Eisenmenger}} syndrome (irreversible lung damage) {{c1::Left atria and ventricl…
Published	02/18/2025	A {{c1::coarctation}} (narrowing) of the aorta that develops distal to the origin of the {{c1::left subclavian artery}} can lead to enhanced bloodflow…
Published	02/18/2025	Enhanced blood flow in the anastomoses enlarges the anterior and posterior intercostal arteries, leading to {{c1::rib notching}} that can be seen in c…
Published	02/20/2025	What is most frequent positional cardiac abnormality? {{c1::Dextrocardia}} → the rotation of the heart takes place to the {{c1::right}} instead o…
Published	02/18/2025	The thoracic duct drains lymph from the {{c1::intestines}}
Published	02/18/2025	What abnormality is caused by incomplete fusion of the flap of the valve of foramen ovale and septum secundum after birth? {{c1::Patent foramen o…
Published	02/18/2025	The fluid inside of the thoracic duct contains {{c1::chylomicrons}} transporting lipids that gives it a milky appearance. This fluid is refered to as …
Published	02/18/2025	Small PFO's often go unnoticed, but can increase the risk of {{c1::stroke}} Larger PFO's can significantly alter the flow of blood between the ri…
Published	02/18/2025	Damage to the thoracic duct can lead to a {{c1::chylothorax}}, a rare type of pleural effusion characterized by the accumulation of chyle in the {{c1:…
Published	02/18/2025	{{c1::Atrial septal defects}} are large holes in the atrial septum, most commonly due to {{c1::foramen secundum}} defects
Published	02/18/2025	{{c1::Visceral}} afferents from the heart transmitting pain travel with {{c1::sympathetic}} fibers back to spinal cord segments {{c1::T1-T4}}, mostly …
Published	02/18/2025	The most common type of heart defect is a {{c1::ventricular septal defect (VSD)}}, due to the failure of the {{c1::membranous}} part of the interventr…
Published	02/19/2025	Pain from reversible cardiac ischemia called {{c1::angina pectoris}}, is commonly felt as {{c1::referred pain}} radiating from the {{c1::chest}} and m…
Published	02/20/2025	Most people with large ventricular septal defects have massive {{c1::left}}-to-{{c1::right}} shunting of blood
Published	02/18/2025	Abnormal development of the aortic arch arteries can lead to {{c1::double arch}} of the aorta. The vascular ring that is formed can cause compression …
Published	02/18/2025	What rare condition causes cyanotic heart disease in infants? {{c1::Transposition of the great vessels}}, this is not compatible with life unless…
Published	03/09/2025	Tetralogy of Fallot classic infant heart malformations:{{c1::Pulmonary}} stenosis{{c1::Ventricular septal}} defectDextroposition of the {{c1::aorta}}R…
Published	02/18/2025	The typical defect associated with transposition of the great vessels is that the aorta lies {{c1::anterior}} and to the {{c1::right}} of the pulmonar…
Published	02/18/2025	Transposition of the great vessels is likely due to the failure of the {{c1::trunco-conal}} septum to develop normally during the incoporation of the …
Published	02/18/2025	Pulmonary stenosis → obstructed {{c1::right ventricular}} outflow into the pulmonary trunkDextroposition of the aorta → {{c1::aortic orifice}} overrid…
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