Notes in 03 Mood and Anxiety Disorders and Psychiatric Pharmacology

To Subscribe, use this Key

Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	04/23/2024	Anxiety is characterized by {{c1::decreased}} serotonin
Published	04/23/2024	{{c1::Separation anxiety}} disorder is a childhood disorder characterized by overwhelming fear of separation from home or an attachment figure lasting…
Published	04/23/2024	Separation anxiety disorder can be normal behavior up to age {{c1::3}} - {{c1::4}}
Published	04/23/2024	Which childhood psychiatric disorder may lead to factitious physical complaints to avoid school? {{c1::Separation anxiety disorder}}
Published	04/23/2024	Treatment for separation anxiety disorder includes {{c1::CBT}}, play therapy, and family therapy
Published	04/23/2024	{{c1::Disruptive mood dysregulation}} disorder is a childhood disorder characterized by severe and recurrent temper outbursts out of proportion to a s…
Published	04/23/2024	The onset of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder symptoms is before age {{c1::10}}
Published	04/23/2024	Children with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder are constantly {{c1::angry}} and irritable between outbursts
Published	04/23/2024	What neurotransmitters are decreased in anxiety? {{c1::Serotonin}} and {{c2::GABA}}
Published	04/23/2024	Benzodiazepines {{c1::enhance::enhance or inhibit}} the action of GABAA
Published	04/23/2024	Benzodiazepines may be used to treat {{c1::generalized anxiety}} disorder and panic disorder, though SSRIs and SNRIs are first line
Published	04/23/2024	Do benzodiazepines have addictive potential?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	04/23/2024	A manic episode is a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood with persistently increased activity or ene…
Published	04/23/2024	Diagnosis of a(n) {{c8::manic episode}} requires an elevated and/or irritable mood plus at least {{c9::three}} "DIG FAST" criteria:D: {{c1::Distr…
Published	04/23/2024	Do patients with manic episodes need to be hospitalized?{{c1::Yes (psychiatric emergency)}}
Published	04/23/2024	Manic episodes may present similarly to {{c1::stimulant}} intoxication
Published	04/23/2024	A(n) {{c1::hypomanic}} episode is similar to a manic episode except mood disturbance doesn't cause marked impairment in social or occupational fu…
Published	04/23/2024	Does a hypomanic episode present with psychotic features?{{c1::No}}
Published	04/23/2024	A hypomanic episode must last at least {{c1::4}} consecutive days
Published	04/23/2024	{{c1::Bipolar I}} disorder is defined by presence of at least 1 manic episode +/- a hypomanic episode or depressive episode
Published	04/23/2024	{{c1::Bipolar II}} disorder is defined by the presence of a hypomanic and a depressive episode
Published	04/23/2024	Does a patient with bipolar disorder typically return to normal mood and functioning between episodes? {{c1::Yes}}
Published	04/23/2024	Patients with bipolar disorder have a high risk of {{c1::suicide}}
Published	04/23/2024	{{c1::Cyclothymic}} disorder is a milder form of bipolar disorder lasting at least {{c2::2 years::duration}}, fluctuating between mild depressive and …
Published	04/23/2024	{{c10::Major depressive}} disorder episodes are characterized by {{c11::depressed}} mood or {{c12::anhedonia}} and at least {{c13::four}} ot…
Published	04/23/2024	{{c2::Persistent depressive disorder (dysthymia)}} is depression, often milder, lasting at least {{c1::2 years::duration}}
Published	04/23/2024	{{c1::Anxiety}} disorders include panic disorder, phobias, generalized anxiety disorder, and selective mutism
Published	04/23/2024	Diagnosis of {{c2::panic}} disorder requires at least one panic attack, followed by at least {{c1::one month::duration}} of preoccupations with t…
Published	04/23/2024	The symptoms of panic attacks may be remembered with the mnemonic "PANICS": P: Palpitations, {{c1::Paresthesias}}, dePersonalizationA: {{c2::Abdominal…
Published	04/23/2024	First-line treatment for panic disorder includes {{c1::CBT}} + {{c2::SSRIs}} or {{c3::venlafaxine}}
Published	04/23/2024	Panic attacks may be treated acutely with {{c1::benzodiazepines}}
Published	04/23/2024	{{c2::Specific phobia}} is defined as severe, persistent fear or anxiety triggered by specific things, situations, or environments for {{c1::> 6 mo…
Published	04/23/2024	Specific phobias can be treated with {{c1::systematic desensitization}} therapy (a form of behavioral therapy)
Published	04/23/2024	{{c1::Social anxiety}} disorder is a phobia characterized by exaggerated fear of embarrassment in public situations (e.g. public speaking, using publi…
Published	04/23/2024	First-line treatment for social anxiety disorder includes {{c1::CBT}} + {{c2::SSRIs}} or {{c3::venlafaxine}}
Published	04/23/2024	{{c1::Agoraphobia}} is a phobia characterized by irrational fear/anxiety in uncontrollable environments (e.g. wide open or crowed spaces, public trans…
Published	04/23/2024	Agoraphobia is associated with {{c1::panic}} disorder
Published	04/23/2024	What is the first-line treatment for agoraphobia? {{c1::CBT + SSRIs}}
Published	04/23/2024	{{c2::Generalized anxiety}} disorder is defined as anxiety unrelated to a specific person, situation, or event for {{c1::> 6 months::duration}}&nbs…
Published	04/23/2024	What is the first line treatment for generalized anxiety disorder? {{c1::CBT + SSRIs/SNRIs}}
Published	04/23/2024	To be diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder, patients must exhibit 3/6 of the following symptoms over course of at least 6 months (mnemonic: Wor…
Published	04/23/2024	If a psychosocial stressor causes continued impairment > 6 months after the stressor ends, it is {{c1::generalized anxiety}} disorder
Published	04/23/2024	Buspirone exerts its effects via stimulation of the {{c1::5-HT1A}} receptor
Published	04/23/2024	Buspirone is primarily used to treat {{c1::generalized anxiety}} disorder (2nd line)
Published	04/23/2024	What is the general treatment for bipolar disorder?{{c1::Mood stabilizers}}
Published	04/23/2024	{{c1::Lithium}} is an ion that is used as a mood stabilizer for {{c2::bipolar}} disorder
Published	04/23/2024	Is lithium used to prevent relapse or treat acute mania in bipolar disorder?{{c1::Both :)}}
Published	04/23/2024	The mechanism of action of lithium may be related to inhibition of the {{c1::IP3}} signaling pathway
Published	04/23/2024	Lithium has a narrow {{c1::therapeutic index}}
Published	04/23/2024	Acute lithium toxicity presents with {{c1::GI}} symptoms
Published	04/23/2024	Chronic lithium toxicity causes neurologic symptoms, such as {{c1::tremor}} and {{c2::ataxia}}
Published	04/23/2024	{{c2::Lithium}} is a mood stabilizer that may cause {{c1::hypo}}-thyroidism as an adverse effect
Published	04/23/2024	What type of diabetes is associated with lithium use?{{c1::Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus}}
Published	04/23/2024	Renal clearance of lithium is reduced in patients taking {{c1::thiazide}} diuretics or other nephrotoxic agents (e.g. NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors)
Published	04/23/2024	Lithium is almost exclusively excreted by the {{c1::kidneys}}
Published	04/23/2024	Is valproate used to prevent relapse or treat acute mania in bipolar disorder?{{c1::Both :)}}
Published	04/23/2024	Is carbamazepine used to prevent relapse or treat acute mania in bipolar disorder?{{c1::Both :)}}
Published	04/23/2024	In addition to mood stabilizers, bipolar disorder may also be treated with {{c1::antipsychotics}}
Published	04/23/2024	Valproic acid is a(n) {{c1::broad}} spectrum anti-epileptic
Published	04/23/2024	Valproic acid exerts its effects by increasing {{c1::Na+}} channel {{c2::inactivation}} and inhibiting {{c3::GABA transaminase}}
Published	04/23/2024	Valproic acid {{c1::increases}} levels of GABA in the CNS via inhibition of GABA transaminase
Published	04/23/2024	{{c2::Valproic acid}} is an anti-epileptic that may cause GI distress and {{c1::pancreatitis}} as adverse effects
Published	04/23/2024	Valproic acid causes {{c1::increased}} appetite and weight {{c1::gain}}
Published	04/23/2024	Valproic acid can cause neurologic side effects, such as {{c1::tremor}}
Published	04/23/2024	{{c2::Valproic acid}} is an anti-epileptic that rarely causes a fatal {{c1::hepatotoxicity}}
Published	04/23/2024	What teratogenic effect is associated with valproic acid?{{c1::Neural tube defects (e.g. spina bifida)}}
Published	04/23/2024	What is the most serious adverse effect associated with lamotrigine use?{{c1::Stevens-Johnson syndrome}}
Published	04/23/2024	Non-specific adverse effects associated with carbamazepine include {{c1::diplopia}} and {{c2::ataxia}}
Published	04/23/2024	What endocrine pathology may be caused by carbamazepine use?{{c1::SIADH}}
Published	04/23/2024	Carbamazepine is a(n) {{c2::inducer}} of {{c1::cytochrome P450}} and thus may have many drug interactions
Published	04/23/2024	Carbamazepine is associated with {{c1::liver}} toxicity as an adverse effect
Published	04/23/2024	NSAIDs may reduce excretion of {{c1::lithium}}, which is commonly used as an antipsychotic drug
Published	04/23/2024	What class of antihypertensive medication increases risk for lithium toxicity?{{c1::Thiazide diuretics}}
Published	04/23/2024	What type of therapy is most useful for a patient that presents with maladaptive thought patterns and behaviors (e.g. negatively interpreting events)?…
Published	04/23/2024	What is the recommended immediate treatment for patients with panic disorder that are acutely symptomatic?{{c1::Benzodiazepines}}
Published	04/23/2024	What is the recommended long-term treatment for patients with panic disorder?{{c1::CBT and/or SSRIs}}
Published	04/23/2024	What is the next step in management for a patient that presents with severe mania (psychotic features, aggression, harm of self or others)?{{c1::Admin…
Published	04/23/2024	Prior to beginning lithium therapy, patients should be screened to ensure adequate {{c1::thyroid}} and {{c1::renal}} function
Published	04/23/2024	When you suspect a patient has major depressive disorder, you must screen for a history of {{c1::manic episodes}} to rule out {{c1::bipolar disorder}}
Published	04/23/2024	Lithium CNS toxicity can lead to slurred speech, as well as hyperreflexia and {{c1::seizures}}
Published	04/23/2024	What anxiety disorder is characterized by anxiety restricted to social and performance situations, fear of scrutiny, and embarrassment? {{c1::Social a…
Published	04/23/2024	What is the treatment of choice in an acute mania patient with psychotic symptoms?{{c1::Antipsychotics (1st and 2nd generation)}}
Published	04/23/2024	{{c1::}}
Published	04/23/2024	Symptoms of anxiety can mimic a(n) {{c1::myocardial infarction::disease process}}
Published	04/23/2024	What is the likely diagnosis in a child that is verbal and talkative at home but refuses to speak in specific social settings (e.g. school)?{{c1::Sele…
Published	04/23/2024	Carbamazepine exerts its effects by blocking {{c1::Na+}} channels
Published	04/23/2024	Valproic acid exerts its effects by blocking {{c1::Na+}} channels
Published	04/23/2024	Which type of psychotherapy seeks to correct faulty assumptions and negative feelings that exacerbate psychiatric symptoms?{{c1::Cognitive therapy}}
Published	04/23/2024	{{c1::Interpersonal}} psychotherapy is an evidenced-based therapy for depression that focuses on the link between depressive symptoms and interpersona…
Published	04/23/2024	Bipolar depression is managed with {{c1::lamotrigine::treatment}}
Published	04/23/2024	Which mood stabilizers are considered 1st line therapy for bipolar disorder?{{c1::LithiumValproic Acid (Depakote)::2}}
Published	04/23/2024	Fear of public speaking is a performance subtype of a(n) {{c1::social::social/specific}} phobia
Published	04/23/2024	First line maintenance (bipolar) is {{c1::mood stabilizer (lithium or valproate) and 2nd-generation antipsychotic}}
Published	04/23/2024	Premenstrual dysphoric disorder is characterized by prominent mood swings, irritability, {{c1::changes in appetite}}, and {{c2::physical discomfort}} …
Published	04/23/2024	To grade Glasgow Coma Scale of eye opening:4: {{c1::Spontaneously}}3: {{c1::Verbal}}2: {{c1::Pain}}1: {{c1::No response}}
Published	04/23/2024	What is the preferred drug for treating performance-only social anxiety disorder?{{c1::Benzodiazepines or β-blockers}}
Published	04/23/2024	Patients with {{c1::performance-only}} social anxiety disorder do not fear nonperformance social situations and are not socially avoidant
Published	04/23/2024	What is the first line treatment for performance-only social anxiety disorder?{{c1::CBT + pharmacotherapy}}
Published	04/23/2024	Depression, Anxiety, Eating disorder, Bipolar disorder, and Schizophrenia all have their initial presentation most often in {{c1::adolescents::ag…
Published	04/23/2024	Which type of psychotherapy includes homework assignments where patients practice recognizing their automatic thoughts?{{c1::Cognitive …
Published	04/23/2024	Which type of psychotherapy is appropriate for severe personality disorders, schizophrenia, or bipolar disorder?{{c1::Supportive Psychothera…
Published	04/23/2024	Selective mutism is more common in {{c1::females::gender}}
Published	04/23/2024	Agoraphobia is characterized by marked fear or anxiety about {{c1::2+::#}} of the following: Using {{c2::public}} transportation (planes, buses, …
Published	04/23/2024	{{c2::Selective mutism}} is consistent failure to speak in specific social situations where there is an expectation for speaking (e.g. school) fo…
Published	04/23/2024	Most anxiety disorders disproportionately affect {{c1::women::gender}}, but {{c2::OCD}} affects men and women equally
Published	04/23/2024	Anxiety disorders are characterized by changes in the {{c1::HPA::endocrine}} axis
Published	04/23/2024	People with anxiety disorders utilize medical services {{c1::more::more or less}} than people without
Published	04/23/2024	What are the second-line pharmacologic treatments for generalized anxiety disorder after SSRIs/SNRIs?{{c1::Tricyclic antidepr…
Published	04/23/2024	{{c2::Hydroxyzine}} is the preferred anxiolytic for patients with anxiety and {{c1::pruritus}}
Published	04/23/2024	While waiting for SSRIs to come online, you can treat anxiety with benzodiazepines or {{c1::antihistamines}}
Published	04/23/2024	Depression is more commonly seen in {{c1::young adults (18-25)::age group}}
Published	04/23/2024	Of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression, which is the least heritable?{{c1::Depression}}
Published	04/23/2024	Persistent depressive disorder needs to last at least {{c1::1 year::duration}} in children
Published	04/23/2024	Diagnosis of manic episode requires 3 DIG FAST criteria if mood is {{c1::expansive}} or 4 if mood is {{c1::irritable}}
Published	04/23/2024	Bipolar I disorder is more commonly seen in {{c1::neither gender::gender}}
Published	04/23/2024	{{c1::90}}% of people who have a manic episode will have another
Published	04/23/2024	If patient has both manic and depressive episodes, then they have bipolar {{c1::I}} disorder
Published	04/23/2024	Bipolar II disorder is more commonly seen in {{c1::women::gender}}
Published	04/23/2024	Major depressive episode that presents with {{c1::psychotic features}} is more likely to actually be bipolar
Published	04/23/2024	Mania is characterized by {{c1::increased}} dopamine
Published	04/23/2024	The mechanism of action of lithium may be related to expression of genes related to growth factors and neuronal {{c1::plasticity}}
Published	04/23/2024	Does lithium help treat depressive episodes in bipolar disorder?{{c1::Yes}}
Published	04/23/2024	Lithium is a mood stabilizer that may cause weight {{c1::gain}} as a side effect
Published	04/23/2024	Lithium and valproic acid are mood stabilizers that may cause {{c1::alopecia::dermatologic complication}} as a side effect
Published	04/23/2024	{{c1::Lamotrigine::mood stabilizer}} must be started at a low dose and titrated up very slowly
Published	04/23/2024	Valproate inhibits CYP-450 and therefore {{c1::increases::Δ}} lamotrigine levels, while carbamazepine induces CYP-450 and therefore {{c1::de…
Published	04/23/2024	{{c1::Oxcarbazepine}} is like carbamazepine, except that it doesn't induce CYP-450, and it hasn't been proven to work as a mood stabilizer
Published	04/23/2024	Bipolar disorder can be managed with CBT, {{c1::Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT)::psychotherapy}}, and/or family-focused therapy
Published	04/23/2024	{{c1::Anxiety}} is the most common comorbidity with Bipolar 1 disorder
Status	Last Update	Fields