Notes in IB702 - exam #2

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Published	05/10/2024	Pressure =
Published	05/10/2024	Pulmonary & systemic circuits:1) CO (flow)?2) pressure?3) resistance?
Published	05/10/2024	Pressure differentials are also known as:
Published	05/10/2024	Compliance =
Published	05/10/2024	Compared to veins, the arterial systemic has:1) ___ resistance2) ___ compliance
Published	05/10/2024	Why does the pulmonary circuit use less work? (2)- what is this reflected in?
Published	05/10/2024	Work =
Published	05/10/2024	Pulse pressure =
Published	05/10/2024	What is MAP? (6)
Published	05/10/2024	Where is the greatest pressure drop in the systemic circulation?- why is this pressure drop necessary?
Published	05/10/2024	Vasoconstriction = __ resistance = __ pressure drop;vasodilation = __ resistance = __ pressure drop
Published	05/10/2024	Increased TPR = __ afterload
Published	05/10/2024	How do korotkoff sounds work to measure blood pressure?
Published	05/10/2024	Factors that influence blood pressure (6)
Published	05/10/2024	SV =
Published	05/10/2024	CO =
Published	05/10/2024	BP =
Published	05/10/2024	Define preload & afterload
Published	05/10/2024	CO regulation:1) HR2) SV
Published	05/10/2024	How to increase the following (directly affects SV, which indirectly affects CO):1) preload (vascular)2) contractility (myocardial)3) afterload (vascu…
Published	05/10/2024	Perfusion pressure:1) define 2) P1 > P2 in order for:3) when is it insufficient?
Published	05/10/2024	Increased upstream BP of capillaries compared to downstream bc of:1) __ compliance2) __ resistance3) __ constriction
Published	05/10/2024	Where is blood velocity (flow) slowest? why?
Published	05/10/2024	Poiseuillle's equation
Published	05/10/2024	According to poiseuille's equation, increase resistance ( ____ ):1) __ P12) __ P23) __ change in P4) __ flow
Published	05/10/2024	According to poiseuille's equation, decrease resistance ( ____ ):1) __ P12) __ P23) __ change in P4) __ flow
Published	05/10/2024	Units of resistance
Published	05/10/2024	What is resistance determined by? (3)- what's the equation?
Published	05/10/2024	What is BP directly proportional to? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What affects the following components of resistance:1) viscosity2) length3) radius^4- which has the greatest effect on resistance?
Published	05/10/2024	LA + epinephrine1) vaso__2) receptors?3) flow?
Published	05/10/2024	Drug that inverse LA?
Published	05/10/2024	Blood viscosity1) what is it directly proportional to? (2)2) what conditions affect blood viscosity? (3)3) what is the prime determinant?4) plasma & b…
Published	05/10/2024	Increased hematocrit:1) __ viscosity2) __ resistance3) __ BP4) __ W
Published	05/10/2024	Define velocity (units)1) what is mean linear velocity equal to?2) thus what is velocity directly related to?3) if CSA changes, is velocity affected?
Published	05/10/2024	Flow =
Published	05/10/2024	1) CSA: ___ in capillaries, ___ in aorta2) velocity: ___ in capillaries, ___ in aorta3) what optimizes exchange in capillaries?4) where do we find tur…
Published	05/10/2024	Characteristics of turbulent flow:1) layered?2) what does it create?3) resistance?4) Reynolds number?
Published	05/10/2024	Reynolds number
Published	05/10/2024	Characteristics of laminar flow:1) layered?2) where does it occur?3) where is the highest velocity? why?4) where is pressure highest & lowest? what do…
Published	05/10/2024	Atherosclerosis can cause ___; ___ can increase ___ formation
Published	05/10/2024	Energy of fluid =
Published	05/10/2024	What has lower resistance, series or parallel circuits?1) pulmonary is in __ circuit2) systemic is in __ circuit3) pulmonary & systemic circuits are c…
Published	05/10/2024	What can series circuits be used for?
Published	05/10/2024	Parallel resistors in systemic circuit are: (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Effect of shock on afterload?1) hypertension = ___ afterload = __ cardiac work2) hypotension = ___ afterload = __ perfusions
Published	05/10/2024	In case of shock, what should be administered?
Published	05/10/2024	Agents of vasoconstriction? what receptor activated? (4)- what do these all bind to? what is that linked to? what is then released? what is finally re…
Published	05/10/2024	Bridge to pharmacology:what agents will increase vasoconstriction? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Agents of vasodilation (8)
Published	05/10/2024	How does nitric oxide cause vasodilation?
Published	05/10/2024	Wall tension (T) (law of laplace) =
Published	05/10/2024	What are the 2 types of arterial aneurysms?
Published	05/10/2024	What artery has the greatest wall tension? why?
Published	05/10/2024	According to law of Laplace, capillaries are ___ from wall tension & aorta is ___ from wall tension
Published	05/10/2024	Dilated heart failure = __ chamber size = __ tension on failing ventricle
Published	05/10/2024	Define compliance1) what is the inverse of compliance?2) systemic veins are __ compliant than systemic arteries3) when regarding whole-body hemodyanim…
Published	05/10/2024	Arteries = ___ vessels (specifically which arteries?)veins = ___ vessels- where is majority of systemic blood volume?
Published	05/10/2024	If blood is in veins, then it is not available in heart to pump & is:
Published	05/10/2024	Venous return:1) define2) what does it determine?3) what is directly proportional to?4) inversely proportional to?5) equation?
Published	05/10/2024	___ is downstream pressure; ___ is upstream pressure
Published	05/10/2024	Why does VR=Q?
Published	05/10/2024	Mean systemic pressure (Psf)1) define2) what is it determined by?3) what does it determine?4) equation?
Published	05/10/2024	How are blood volume & Psf related?- how are compliance & Psf related?
Published	05/10/2024	Psf directly related to VR;if all factors remain unchanged, then:1) increase in blood volume, ___ VR2) decrease in blood volume, __ VR3) decrease in c…
Published	05/10/2024	Increased vascular volume (transfusion):1) __ VR2) __ volume3) __ preload4) __ EDV
Published	05/10/2024	Decreased vascular volume (transfusion):1) __ VR2) __ volume3) __ preload4) __ EDV
Published	05/10/2024	Decreased venous compliance (venoconstriction):1) __ VR2) __ volume3) __ preload4) __ EDV
Published	05/10/2024	Increased venous compliance (venodilation):1) __ VR2) __ volume3) __ preload4) __ EDV
Published	05/10/2024	P-wave =(3)
Published	05/10/2024	Does an ECG have an upward or downward wave for the following:1) depolarization moving toward lead II2) depolarization moving away from lead II3) repo…
Published	05/10/2024	Q-wave =(3)
Published	05/10/2024	R-wave =(3)
Published	05/10/2024	S-wave =(3)
Published	05/10/2024	T-wave =(4)
Published	05/10/2024	Physiological summary of lead II ECG:1) P-wave =2) QRS complex =3) T-wave =
Published	05/10/2024	Long QT syndrome1) what defect?2) what does it retard/increase?3) what drugs should be avoided? what can they cause?4) what is Torsades a heartbeat aw…
Published	05/10/2024	Long QT syndrome:1) QT interval = 2) M cells have less __ channels, so __ slowly3) what causes Torsades de Pointes?
Published	05/10/2024	Define the following:1) nodal cells2) contractile cells
Published	05/10/2024	How does the SA node cause other heart cells to depolarize (before they're able to themselves)?- what does this cause? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	What is a myocardial infarction?- what can cause this? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Ectopic pacemaker
Published	05/10/2024	Rank the following according their ipm (intrinsic rates):SA node, atrial muscle, AV node, ventricular muscle
Published	05/10/2024	How does a sinus rhythm pass through the heart? (5)
Published	05/10/2024	Bachmann's bundle
Published	05/10/2024	AV node1) __ msec delay; why?2) what does it allow?3) describe the cells4) cell junctions?
Published	05/10/2024	What does the His-Purkinje system consist of?
Published	05/10/2024	Ejection fraction =
Published	05/10/2024	What ensures that the atria will always contract before the ventricles?
Published	05/10/2024	How many impulses does the SA node generate in a minute?
Published	05/10/2024	Describe molecular basis for nodal pacemaker potentials (4)
Published	05/10/2024	What is the pacemaker potential stimulated by?
Published	05/10/2024	How does the myocardium function?
Published	05/10/2024	What is an intercalated disc?- what is the function of desmosome?
Published	05/10/2024	Molecular basis of AP phases in contractile cells (5)
Published	05/10/2024	How is calcium pumped out of the myocardial cells? (3)- what can speed up this process?
Published	05/10/2024	What is the root cause of many cardiac conditions? describe
Published	05/10/2024	Describe the following:1) potassium channel blockers2) calcium channel blockers3) sodium channel blockers
Published	05/10/2024	Intrinsic rate (bpm) of heart; extrinsic rate (bpm) of heart
Published	05/10/2024	Define chronotropic & inotropic & dromotropic
Published	05/10/2024	What extrinsically regulates the heart? (6)
Published	05/10/2024	Describe how digitalis works (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What cardiac tissue regulates heart rate?- how does it regulate HR? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What cardiac tissue regulates stroke volume?- how does it regulate HR? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Contractility is essentially unaffected by: (2)
Published	05/10/2024	PSNS extrinsic regulation:1) what nerve? via what receptors?2) how does it affect the heart?3) how does this affect the refractory period?4) what are …
Published	05/10/2024	SNS extrinsic regulation:1) what receptors?2) how does it affect the heart?3) how does this affect the refractory period?4) what are the overall effec…
Published	05/10/2024	Describe the cellular mechanism of catecholamines (from sympathetics & adrenal gland) stimulates the heart (5)
Published	05/10/2024	Describe the cellular mechanism of how vagus nerve stimulates the SA & AV nodes (5)
Published	05/10/2024	What agents/drugs slow depolarization = lower pulse (decreased slope)? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	What drug increases depolarization = higher pulse (increased slope)?
Published	05/10/2024	How does SNS add a contractility "boost" to preload?
Published	05/10/2024	Myofibril overlap vs myocardial contractility
Published	05/10/2024	What can cause increased myofibril overlap? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	What is myocardial contractility modulated by? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	Given any level of ___ or ___, higher ___ means greater ejection fraction
Published	05/10/2024	Stages of cardiac cycle (4)
Published	05/10/2024	Mid-late ventricular diastole:1) atrial vs ventricle pressure2) arterial vs ventricle pressure3) AV valves4) semilunar valves5) EKG
Published	05/10/2024	Isovolumetric contraction (systole):1) atrial vs ventricle pressure2) arterial vs ventricle pressure3) AV valves4) semilunar valves5) EKG
Published	05/10/2024	Mid-late ventricular systole (ventricular ejection): 1) atrial vs ventricle pressure2) arterial vs ventricle pressure3) AV valves4) semilunar valves5)…
Published	05/10/2024	Isovolumetric relaxation (diastole):1) atrial vs ventricle pressure2) arterial vs ventricle pressure3) AV valves4) semilunar valves5) EKG
Published	05/10/2024	Under normal conditions:1) HR ___ bpm2) SV ___ mL3) CO ___ L / min4) bradycardia below ___ Hz5) tachycardia above ___ Hz6) bainbridge reflex
Published	05/10/2024	What neural/endocrine factors will increase HR? (7) decrease HR? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	Fundamental law of the heart
Published	05/10/2024	Determinants of stroke volume
Published	05/10/2024	What increases afterload? what increases preload?
Published	05/10/2024	Frank-starling curve =ventricular function curve =
Published	05/10/2024	RAP (right atrial pressure) = increased __ of left heart & decreased __ of right heart;- how is this conflict resolved?
Published	05/10/2024	Slope of frank-starling / ventricular function curve ="higher top out" =
Published	05/10/2024	Vascular function (VR) curves:1) changes in x-intercept means:2) changes in slope means:3) why are there no changes in CO if RAP is negative? how to p…
Published	05/10/2024	Where is cardiac output found on ventricular & vascular function curves?
Published	05/10/2024	To increase resistance: (5)
Published	05/10/2024	Alpha 1 =Beta 2 =
Published	05/10/2024	Cardiac failure is ___ & causes the ventricular function curve to shift __ & __;- what does the compensatory response consist of?
Published	05/10/2024	How to increase CO due to cardiac failure (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Why does tachycardia decrease CO?
Published	05/10/2024	What is contractility?
Published	05/10/2024	More power (more contractility) = more ___ consumption = more ___ consumption
Published	05/10/2024	Where are baroreceptors located? which nerve innervates each of them?- are they inhibited or excited during hypotension?
Published	05/10/2024	What is stimulated if baroreceptors are inhibited?- what will this cause? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	Overall, what will resulting sympathetic outflow from the NTS result in? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	What will stimulation of the CA cause?- how?
Published	05/10/2024	What will stimulation of the vasomotor center cause?- how?
Published	05/10/2024	What causes kidney to release renin from juxtaglomular cells?- what will this then do? (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Angiotensinogen is secreted ___ by liver
Published	05/10/2024	What are the effects of angiotensin II?
Published	05/10/2024	What are the effects of ADH (vasopressin)?- how?
Published	05/10/2024	What is the effect of aldosterone? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	What are the other ways to increase BP?
Published	05/10/2024	What is the systolic & diastolic blood pressure for the following states:1) normal2) prehypertension3) stage 1 hypertension4) stage 2 hypertension
Published	05/10/2024	What is white cost hypertension?
Published	05/10/2024	Causes of primary/essential hypertension (95%) (4)
Published	05/10/2024	What are the effects of a hypersensitive SNS?
Published	05/10/2024	Causes of secondary hypertension (5%)
Published	05/10/2024	Medications for secondary hypertension (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Hypertensive crisis & its consequences (6)
Published	05/10/2024	How to maintain constant perfusion in the face of variable mean arterial pressure (MAP)? (2)- what are local effects?- what are global effects?
Published	05/10/2024	Where in the vasculature does autoregulatory occur?1) why does it maintain blood flow?2) how does autoregulation operate?3) what will an increase in p…
Published	05/10/2024	What will occur if blood pressure is lower than 50 mmHg? (3)- what will occur if blood pressure is higher than 150 mmHg? (3)
Published	05/10/2024	As perfusion pressure falls, resistance ___ to maintain constant flow rate;as perfusion pressure rises, resistance ___ to maintain constant flow rate
Published	05/10/2024	2 modes of intrinsic autoregulation
Published	05/10/2024	Describe the myogenic mechanism of autoregulation (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Describe the metabolic mechanism of autoregulation (2)
Published	05/10/2024	Myogenic intrinsic autoregulation response to ___tension;metabolic intrinsic autoregulation response to ___tension
Published	05/10/2024	Myogenic mechanism responds to changes in ___;metabolic mechanism responds to changes in ___
Published	05/10/2024	If arterial pressure (MAP/CO) increases, then:___ stretch of blood vessels___ cell Ca2+ permeability___ intracellular Ca2+___ vascular resistance___ b…
Published	05/10/2024	Assume an increase in local metabolic demand (exercise), local metabolites __ vascular smooth muscle- what are local metabolites? (7)
Published	05/10/2024	Regulators of vascular smooth muscle (metabolic mechanism) (5)
Published	05/10/2024	Hyperemia matches ___ to blood flow1) describe reactive hyperemia2) describe active hyperemia
Published	05/10/2024	Microcirculation:___% of blood in capillaries - ___ miles of capillaries
Published	05/10/2024	What do capillaries act as?
Published	05/10/2024	As cross-sectional area increases, velocity ___, diffusion time ___;rank the following in terms of greatest to least cross-section:aorta, arteries, ar…
Published	05/10/2024	Ficks law =
Published	05/10/2024	Describe diffusion-limited exchange (4)
Published	05/10/2024	Describe flow-limited exchange (4)
Published	05/10/2024	According to Fick's law, diffusion-limited exchange will have ___ rate, why?;flow-limited exchange will have __ rate, why?
Published	05/10/2024	___ ___ controls the number of blood flow, via ___ ___1) capillary flow is ___2) arteriole resistance is ___ resistance3) venule resistance is ___ res…
Published	05/10/2024	What is the typical blood flow through microcirculation?1) what are the exceptions?2) describe flow-reversal
Published	05/10/2024	Normally, __% of capillary beds opencollapse, __% of capillary beds open
Published	05/10/2024	Metarteriole vs thoroughfare channel
Published	05/10/2024	To facilitate diffusional exchange, what do capillaries consist of:- what end is more permeable?
Published	05/10/2024	Describe the following capillaries:1) continuous2) fenestrated3) sinusoid
Published	05/10/2024	Starling law of fluid movement =- what does a positive number mean?
Published	05/10/2024	Circulating colloid pressure opposes hydrostatic pressure to force fluid ___ of capillaries
Published	05/10/2024	Liver disease =__ colloid osmotic pressure___ fluid out of capillary___ edema
Published	05/10/2024	Is colloid osmotic or colloid interstitial pressure greater? why?
Published	05/10/2024	What does transcapillary fluid movement refer to?
Published	05/10/2024	What is the transcapillary fluid movement for the following:1) Pc-Pi > πc-πi2) Pc-Pi 3) Pc-Pi = πc-πi
Published	05/10/2024	Transcapillary fluid movement is a __ function of the difference btw ___
Published	05/10/2024	What are the values for the following in arteriole & venule end of capillary:1) hydrostatic capillary pressure2) hydrostatic interstitial pressure3) o…
Published	05/10/2024	Vasodilation = __ Pc = __ absorption;vasoconstriction = ___ Pc = ___ absorption
Published	05/10/2024	What happens to capillary blood pressure (Pc) along length of capillary?1) what value in the Starling force equation is usually negligible?2) what is …
Published	05/10/2024	Why does water leave capillaries on arteriole side & enter capillaries on venule side?
Published	05/10/2024	More fluid entering ___ than fluid leaving ___;what would this result in lymph vessels weren't present?
Published	05/10/2024	Where does lymph bring fluid back to?- how?
Published	05/10/2024	Most fluid which leaves the capillary by filtration will be absorbed back into capillary- what happens to any excess fluid in interstitium?
Published	05/10/2024	Describe elephantiasis
Published	05/10/2024	What can lead to decreased plasma oncotic pressure? (4)
Published	05/10/2024	What can lead to increased interstitial oncotic pressure?
Published	05/10/2024	What can lead to an increased capillary permeability?
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