Notes in 17 Adjuncts Anesthesia

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Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Naloxone::Drug}} reverses the agonist activity associated with endogenous or exogenous {{c2::opioid}} compounds.
Published	12/13/2023	Increased risk of aspiration pneumonia occurs if gastric volume is > {{c1::25 mL}} and gastric pH is < {{c1::2.5}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::H1::Histamine}} receptor activation causes increased dermal capillary permeability and vasodilation.
Published	12/13/2023	What drug class do cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, and nizatidine belong to?{{c1::H2 receptor antagonists}…
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Cimetidine::H2 receptor antagonist}} can inhibit the {{c1::CYP-450}} enzymes.
Published	12/13/2023	Diphenhydramine is given as {{c1::25-50 mg::dose}} {{c2::PO, IM, or IV::routes}} and lasts {{c3::3-6 hours::duration}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Metoclopramide acts peripherally as a {{c1::cholino}}-mimetic and centrally as a {{c2::dopamine}} receptor antagonist.
Published	12/13/2023	Metoclopramide accelerates {{c1::gastric emptying}}, decreases {{c2::gastric volume}}, and increases {{c3::lower esophageal sphincter}} tone.
Published	12/13/2023	Metoclopramide is useful in the treatment of diabetic {{c1::gastroparesis}}, GERD, and as prophylaxis against {{c1::aspiration pneumonia::anesthesia c…
Published	12/13/2023	At doses used during the post-op period, metoclopramide has a(n) {{c1::insignificant::significant or insignificant}} effect on PONV.
Published	12/13/2023	Metoclopramide is contraindicated in the setting of {{c1::bowel obstruction}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Metoclopramide is contraindicated in patients with {{c1::Parkinson::CNS}} disease.
Published	12/13/2023	PPIs (especially omeprazole) are P-450 enzyme {{c1::inhibitors::inhibitors or potentiators}}.
Published	12/13/2023	The 5-HT3 serotonin receptor mediates {{c1::vomiting}} and is found in the {{c2::GI tract}} and {{c2::area postrema}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Ondansetron, granisetron, tropisetron, and dolasetron selectively block {{c1::5-HT3 (serotonin)}} receptors.
Published	12/13/2023	Droperidol has a FDA black box warning for {{c1::QT prolongation/Torsades des pointes}}.
Published	12/13/2023	A standard dose of dexamethasone to prevent PONV is {{c2::4}} to {{c2::8}} mg IV administered at the {{c1::beginning::beginning/end}} of the…
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Substance P}} is a neuropeptide that interacts at {{c2::neurokinin-1 (NK1)}} receptors to cause PONV and pain.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Aprepitant}} is an {{c2::NK1 antagonist::drug class}} that may be used as an additive with ondansetron for PONV.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Scopolamine}} is an anticholinergic drug that can be administered transdermally to treat or prevent PONV.
Published	12/13/2023	A 30 mg IV dose of ketorolac provides analgesia equivalent to {{c1::10}} mg of morphine.
Published	12/13/2023	In general, NSAIDs {{c1::inhibit::potentiate or inhibit}} platelet aggregation.
Published	12/13/2023	NSAIDs are COX-{{c1::1 and 2}} inhibitors.
Published	12/13/2023	A maximal adult (>50 kg) dose of IV acetaminophen (Ofirmev) is {{c1::1 g}} at a time, and no more than {{c1::4 g}} per day.
Published	12/13/2023	Dexmedetomidine {{c1::does not::does or does not}} cause significant respiratory depression.
Published	12/13/2023	The principle side effects of dexmedetomidine are {{c1::bradycardia::HR}}, {{c1::heart block::EKG}}, and {{c1::hypotension::BP}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Dexmedetomidine is given as a {{c1::1 mcg/kg::dose}} IV loading dose over {{c2::10}} minute(s) with a maintenance infusion rate of {{c3::0.2}}-{{…
Published	12/13/2023	Dexmedetomidine is metabolized in the {{c1::liver}} and eliminated in the {{c2::urine}}.
Published	12/13/2023	Naloxone is primarily used to reverse {{c1::respiratory depression}} caused by opioids.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c1::Naltrexone}} is an oral medication that treats {{c2::opioid addiction}} by blunting the {{c3::euphoric}} effects of opioids.
Published	12/13/2023	Flumazenil reverses the {{c1::sedative}} effects of benzodiazepines more than the {{c1::amnestic}} effects.
Published	12/13/2023	Because of flumazenil’s rapid {{c1::hepatic}} clearance, repeat doses may be required after {{c2::1}} to {{c2::2}} h to avoid re-sedation.
Published	12/13/2023	Celecoxib inhibits the {{c1::COX-2}} enzyme .
Published	12/13/2023	The dose of aprepitant (NK1 antagonist) is {{c1::40}} mg PO, and must be administered {{c2::3 hours}} prior to induction.
Published	12/13/2023	To reverse post-op respiratory depression from opioids, naloxone is given in {{c1::40 mcg}} boluses every {{c2::2}} minute(s) with a maximum dose of {…
Published	12/13/2023	The onset of action of flumazenil is {{c1::1}} minute(s).
Published	12/13/2023	Flumazenil should not be administered in patients with pre-existing {{c1::seizure}} disorders.
Published	12/13/2023	Dexmedetomidine undergoes biotransformation with both direct {{c2::glucuronidation}} and {{c1::CYP450}} enzymes.
Published	12/13/2023	Dexmedetomidine produces unconsciousness that resembles {{c1::natural sleep}}.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c2::Gastric barrier}} pressure = {{c1::lower esophageal sphincter}} tone - {{c1::intragastric}} pressure
Published	12/13/2023	An incompetent lower esophageal sphincter will {{c1::decrease}} the gastric barrier pressure, which increases the risk of aspiration.
Published	12/13/2023	High doses and chronic use of metoclopramide can cause {{c1::extrapyramidal}} effects.
Published	12/13/2023	Cimetidine prolongs drug metabolism by binding to CYP-450 and decreasing {{c1::hepatic}} blood flow.
Published	12/13/2023	The typical dose of ondansetron is {{c1::4}} to {{c1::8}} mg IV.
Published	12/13/2023	The typical dose of dolasetron is {{c1::12.5}} mg IV.
Published	12/13/2023	The typical dose of granisetron is {{c1::0.35}} to {{c1::1}} mg IV.
Published	12/13/2023	{{c3::H1}} antagonists such as diphenhydramine and dimenhydrinate are best at preventing nausea from {{c1::motion sickness}} and {{c2::middle ear}} su…
Published	12/13/2023	What drug class has side effects of drowsiness, dry mouth, blurred vision, dizziness, mydriasis, agitation, and urinary retention?{{c1::Anticholi…
Published	12/13/2023	What is the mechanism of action of dexamethasone in the prevention of PONV?{{c1::Unknown/uncertain}}
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