Notes in ✧ Pulmonary Circulation

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Published	01/14/2024	Anemia is associated with {{c1::normal}} SaO2, {{c1::decreased}} O2 content, and {{c1::normal}} PaO2
Published	01/14/2024	How does the hemoglobin concentration change in anemia?{{c1::Decreased}}
Published	01/14/2024	Polycythemia is associated with {{c1::normal}} SaO2, {{c1::increased}} O2 content, and {{c1::normal}} PaO2
Published	01/14/2024	How does the hemoglobin concentration change in polycythemia?{{c1::Increased}}
Published	01/14/2024	{{c1::Erythropoietin (EPO)}} is a hormone synthesized in the kidneys in response to {{c2::hypoxia}}
Published	01/14/2024	Decreased O2 delivery to the kidneys due to hypoxia causes increased production of {{c1::hypoxia-inducible factor 1α}}, which then stimulates synthesi…
Published	01/14/2024	{{c2::Hypoxia-inducible factor 1α}} acts on renal fibroblasts to cause synthesis of the mRNA for {{c1::erythropoietin}}
Published	01/14/2024	Erythropoietin (EPO) causes differentiation of {{c1::proerythroblasts}}, which undergo further development to form mature erythrocytes
Published	01/14/2024	Hemoglobin may act as a(n) {{c2::buffer}} for {{c1::H+}} ions
Published	01/14/2024	One way in which CO2 is carried in the blood is as {{c1::dissolved}} CO2 (5%)
Published	01/14/2024	One way in which CO2 is carried in the blood is bound to hemoglobin, known as {{c1::carbaminohemoglobin (HbCO2)}} (5%)
Published	01/14/2024	The majority of CO2 transported in blood is in the form of {{c1::HCO3- (bicarbonate)}} (90%)
Published	01/14/2024	CO2 binds to hemoglobin at the N-terminus of {{c1::globin}} (heme or globin)
Published	01/14/2024	{{c1::Decreased}} O2 binding to hemoglobin causes {{c2::increased}} affinity for CO2 and H+ (Haldane effect)
Published	01/14/2024	{{c1::Increased}} O2 binding to hemoglobin causes {{c2::decreased}} affinity for CO2 ({{c3::Haldane}} effect)
Published	01/14/2024	In {{c1::red blood}} cells (in plasma), {{c2::CO2}} is combined with {{c2::H2O}} via the enzyme {{c3::carbonic anhydrase}}, forming {{c4::H2CO3}}
Published	01/14/2024	H2CO3, formed from CO2 and H2O in red blood cells, dissociates into {{c1::H+}} and {{c1::HCO3-}}
Published	01/14/2024	The {{c2::H+}} in red blood cells (from H2CO3) is buffered by {{c1::deoxyhemoglobin}}
Published	01/14/2024	The {{c2::HCO3-}} in red blood cells (from H2CO3) is transported into the plasma in exchange for {{c1::Cl-}}
Published	01/14/2024	The HCO3- transported out of RBCs is carried to the lungs in the {{c1::plasma}} of venous blood
Published	01/14/2024	In the {{c2::lungs}}, oxygenation of hemoglobin promotes {{c1::H+}} release from its buffering sites
Published	01/14/2024	In the {{c1::lungs}}, {{c2::HCO3-}} enters the red blood cells in exchange for Cl-
Published	01/14/2024	In the {{c1::lungs}}, H2CO3 in the red blood cell is reconverted to CO2 and H2O and expired
Published	01/14/2024	The Cl--HCO3- exchange that occurs across the RBC membrane is accomplished by an anion exchange protein called {{c1::band three protein}}
Published	01/14/2024	In response to exercise, there is {{c1::increased}} CO2 production
Published	01/14/2024	In response to exercise, there is {{c1::increased}} O2 consumption
Published	01/14/2024	In response to exercise, there is {{c1::increased}} ventilation rate to meet O2 demand
Published	01/14/2024	In response to exercise, the V/Q ratio from apex to base becomes more {{c1::even}} (even or uneven)
Published	01/14/2024	In response to exercise, there is {{c1::increased}} pulmonary blood flow, due to increased {{c2::cardiac output}}
Published	01/14/2024	There is a(n) {{c1::decrease}} in pulmonary resistance associated with increased perfusion of pulmonary capillary beds
Published	01/14/2024	In response to strenuous exercise, there is {{c1::decreased}} pH, secondary to {{c1::lactic acidosis}}
Published	01/14/2024	How does Paco2 change in response to exercise?{{c1::No change}}
Published	01/14/2024	How does Pao2 change in response to exercise?{{c1::No change}}
Published	01/14/2024	In response to exercise, there is {{c1::increased}} venous CO2 content
Published	01/14/2024	In response to exercise, there is {{c1::decreased}} venous O2 content
Published	01/14/2024	In response to decreased atmospheric oxygen (e.g. high altitude), there is a(n) {{c1::decreased}} Pao2
Published	01/14/2024	In response to decreased Pao2 (e.g. high altitude), there is {{c1::increased}} ventilation
Published	01/14/2024	Increased ventilation (e.g. high altitude) causes {{c1::decreased}} Paco2
Published	01/14/2024	High altitude initially causes {{c3::respiratory}} {{c2::alkalosis}} and hypoxia, which may cause acute {{c1::altitude}} sickness
Published	01/14/2024	In response to high altitude, there is a chronic {{c1::increase}} in ventilation
Published	01/14/2024	The respiratory alkalosis that occurs as a result of ascent to high altitude may be treated with {{c1::carbonic anhydrase}} inhibitors
Published	01/14/2024	Living at high altitude chronically causes hypoxia which increases the synthesis of {{c1::erythropoietin}}, causing polycythemia
Published	01/14/2024	In response to high altitude, there is a(n) {{c1::increase}} in 2,3-BPG
Published	01/14/2024	In response to high altitude, there are cellular changes, such as increased {{c1::mitochondria}}
Published	01/14/2024	In response to respiratory alkalosis (e.g. due to high altitude), there is increased renal excretion of {{c1::HCO3-}}
Published	01/14/2024	In response to high altitude, there is chronic hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction which results in pulmonary {{c2::hypertension}} and {{c1::RV}} hyper…
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