Notes in cough and pulmonary infections

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Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::acute}} coughs are less than 3 weeks
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::subacute}} coughs are 3-8 weeks
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::chronic}} coughs are more than 8 weeks
Published	09/08/2024	hemoptysis of {{c1::streaked sputum}} is more common in infection (PNA, bronchitis) and exacerbation of disease such as COPD
Published	09/08/2024	hemoptysis of {{c1::more (frank) blood}} is common with bronchiectasis, TB, and fungal PNA
Published	09/08/2024	hemoptysis of {{c1::less blood}} is rare in lung cancer, lung abscess, and pulmonary vascular disease
Published	09/08/2024	hemoptysis of {{c1::more blood}} is rare in bleeding disorders, trauma, foreign body, and structural reasons
Published	09/08/2024	the {{c1::common cold}} is primarily caused by rhinoviruses and coronavirus
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::common cold}} is diagnosed mainly by clinical appearance. Diagnostic testing usually reserved for severe cases or where specific viral pathogen …
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::Pharyngitis}} is 70% caused by viruses (often accompany common cold): adenovirus, EBV, coxsackie A
Published	09/08/2024	{{c2::Pharyngitis}} can less often be caused by bacteria such as streptococcus pyogenes (beta strep group A) which is very important to treat to …
Published	09/08/2024	{{c2::pharyngitis}} can present with centor criteria, marked pharyngeal  pain/difficulty {{c1::swallowing}}, high {{c1::fever}}, t…
Published	09/08/2024	{{c2::pharyngitis}} when caused by a virus presents as part of a clinical picture of common {{c1::cold}} or {{c1::flu}}, {{c1::low…
Published	09/08/2024	pharyngitis is diagnosed with a {{c1::rapid strep}} test and {{c1::throat}} culture
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::Acute Bronchitis}} is the most common outpatient illness in the US and usually affects older children/adults. It is the most commonly cause…
Published	09/08/2024	{{c2::Acute Bronchitis}} is a an infectious inflammation of the bronchi. It is self limiting, and can last up to {{c1::3 weeks }}
Published	09/08/2024	Viral causes of {{c1::acute bronchitis}} can be influenza A+B, parainfluenza, RSV, coronavirus, adenovirus, rhinovirus
Published	09/08/2024	Bacterial causes of {{c1::acute bronchitis}} can be  mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydophila pneumoniae, bordetella pertussis, (bacterial cau…
Published	09/08/2024	{{c5::Acute Bronchitis}} can have a {{c1::productive}} cough (usually lasts {{c2::14-21}} days with no other explanation), +/- {{c3::wheezin…
Published	09/08/2024	Indications for chest radiology in adults with {{c1::acute bronchitis}}: dyspnea, {{c3::bloody}} sputum or {{c3::rusty}} sput…
Published	09/08/2024	treatment of {{c1::acute bronchitis}} involves: {{c2::Symptomatic}} (OTC cough suppressant), +/- {{c2::SABA}} (if underlying asthma), {{c2::Fluid}} in…
Published	09/08/2024	Whooping Cough is caused by{{c1:: Bordetella pertussis}}
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::Whooping Cough}} has a high mortality rate in infants and can be prevented by {{c2::active}} immunization
Published	09/08/2024	Whooping Cough is characterized by {{c1::paroxysms}} of coughs following by a “{{c1::whoop}}"
Published	09/08/2024	whooping cough diagnostics involve testing via {{c1::culture}}, {{c1::PCR}}, and {{c1::serology}}
Published	09/08/2024	Whooping cough diagnostics: {{c1::Culture}} or {{c1::PCR}} can detect infection first (most sensitive). {{c1::Serology}} may …
Published	09/08/2024	{{c2::Bronchiolitis}} is most commonly caused by {{c1::RSV }}
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::Bronchiolitis}} usually only occurs in kids (most common under age 2) and peaks in winter months. Smoke exposure is a big risk.
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::Bronchiolitis}} is an acute inflammation in the small airways (<2 mm)
Published	09/08/2024	common symptoms of {{c1::bronchiolitis }} are {{c2::Dry, raspy}} cough, Difficulty {{c3::feeding,}} Dyspnea, URI symptoms
Published	09/08/2024	bronchiolitis is usually a {{c1::clinical}} diagnosis and radiology is {{c1::not}} indicated
Published	09/08/2024	Pneumonia may be {{c1::viral}}, {{c1::bacterial}}, or {{c1::fungal}}
Published	09/08/2024	1. {{c1::Community}} Acquired Pneumonia: Bacterial: streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, staphylococcu…
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::Hospital}} Acquired Pneumonia: (new infection > {{c2::48}} hours after admission): pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumoni…
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::Ventilator Associated}} Pnuemonia: (new infection > 48 hours after intubation): need to sample respiratory secretions + peripheral blood…
Published	09/08/2024	Pneumonia in {{c1::COPD}} is usually caused by haemophilus influenzae
Published	09/08/2024	Pneumonia in {{c1::alcoholics}} is usually caused by klebsiella pneumonia (currant jelly sputum)
Published	09/08/2024	Pneumonia in {{c1::young adults, college}}  is usually caused by  mycoplasma pneumoniae, chlamydia pneumoniae (atypical)
Published	09/08/2024	Pneumonia in {{c1::CF}} is usually caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa
Published	09/08/2024	pneumonia in {{c1::Post influenza / IV drug users}} is usually caused by Staph aureus  (+ MRSA)
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::pneumonia}} is an Infection of {{c2::pulmonary parenchyma}} (lung tissue itself)
Published	09/08/2024	pneumonia is a a new lung {{c1::infiltrate}} (opacity on CXR)+ clinical evidence that the {{c1::infiltrate}} is of {{c2::infectious}} origin with the …
Published	09/08/2024	Pneumonia may be {{c1::localized}} or {{c1::widespread}} infiltrate on radiography or PE
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::Methicillin resistant staph aureus (MRSA}}) causes increasing community acquired infections, typically in IV drug users, post-influenza, kn…
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::Pseudomonas aeruginosa}} (pathogen) may cause more severe disease in pneumonia, risk factors -  immunocompromised, repeated abx, …
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::Legionella}} (bacteria) outbreaks related to contaminated water sources, test with {{c1::legionella}} urinary antigen, treat…
Published	09/08/2024	Symptoms of {{c1::pneumonia}}: (differs based on causative agent)Cough (productive if typical cause)Sputum production ({{c2::dark}}, {{c2::f…
Published	09/08/2024	Signs of {{c1::pneumonia}}:Inspiratory {{c2::crackles}} / {{c2::rales}}Signs of {{c4::consolidation}}: (↑ {{c5::tactile fremitus}}, {{c…
Published	09/08/2024	Classic {{c1::PNA}} is a high fever + productive cough
Published	09/08/2024	“{{c1::walking}}” PNA: low grade fever, nonproductive cough, night sweats, chills, malaise, myalgias, N/V
Published	09/08/2024	Dx of pneumonia is usually by {{c1::radiologic}} findings (infiltrate, air bronchograms) + {{c1::clinical}} findings
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::Sputum gram stain + culture}}: indicated for severe CAP, intubation, high risk for MRSA or pseudomonas infection, hospitalization with parentera…
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::Blood cultures}}: indicated for severe CAP, high risk for MRSA or pseudomonas infection, hospitalization with arental abx within 90 days
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::Legionella Urinary Antigen}}: indicated for severe CAP, epidemiological risk (travel, local outbreak)
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::Pneumococcal urinary antigen}}: indicated for severe CAP
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::Serum procalcitonin}}: not recommended d/t low sens/spec, released by parenchymal cells in response to bacterial toxins
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::CURB}} is used for admission criteria for pneumonia
Published	09/08/2024	CURB stands for:{{c4::ConfusionUremiaRespirations  ≥ 30BP < 90/60Age ≥ 65}} and is scored as:0-1: {{c1::outpatient}}2:{{c2::hospital…
Published	09/08/2024	Use multiple Abx for pneumonia if: Abx in preceding {{c1::90}} days, {{c2::Mechanica}}l ventilation, {{c3::Septic Shock …
Published	09/08/2024	prevention is the best medicine for PNA and can be {{c3::vaccination}}, prevent {{c1::aspiration}}, preventive measures for {{c2::post-…
Published	09/08/2024	474e8c7a2e13432c86db7d58c3528759-oa-1
Published	09/08/2024	474e8c7a2e13432c86db7d58c3528759-oa-2
Published	09/08/2024	viral PNA is {{c1::atypical}}
Published	09/08/2024	causes of viral PNA can be {{c1::influenza}} which has a higher risk in young children, adults ≥ 65, chronic diseases, immunosuppression, women who ar…
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::viral PNA}} has symptoms of Dry cough (not as much sputum), Fever, chills, myalgias, Headache, Fatigue, malaise, Rhinitis
Published	09/08/2024	viral PNA is diagnosed with {{c1::PCR}}, Viral {{c2::Culture}}, {{c3::Antigen}} detection, and CXR with {{c4::diffuse bilateral}} infil…
Published	09/08/2024	{{c2::Viral PNA}} is treated with supportive tx such as OxygenControl feverAnalgesicsIV fluidsNutritional supportMechanical vent if needed. …
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::immunocompromised}} is a big risk factor of fungal PNA
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::Pneumocystis jiroveci}}: AIDS defining illness, high mortality rate in immunocompromised population, prophylactic therapy, treat with Bactrim,&n…
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::Cryptococcus neoformans}}: fungus, rare disease in immunocompetent patients, common in HIV/AIDS, treat with fluconazole
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::Histoplasmosis}}: Histoplasma capsulatum, endemic to ohio/mississippi river valleys, soil and bat droppings in soil, cave exploration, systemic …
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::hemoptysis}} is more common in fungal PNA
Published	09/08/2024	big risk factors of aspiration PNA are decrease in {{c1::consciousness}}, {{c1::CVA}}, {{c1::neuromuscular}} disorders
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::aspiration PNA}} is usually due to upper airway or gastric flora: gram negative bacilli such as pseudomonas aeruginosa (49%), anaerobes, or st…
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::Anaerobes}} when causing aspiration PNA need special culture systems needed, peptostreptococcus, fusobacterium, prevotella, bacteroide…
Published	09/08/2024	Aspirate most likely to occupy {{c1::right}} lower lobe d/t {{c2::vertical}} nature of {{c1::right}} bronchus
Published	09/08/2024	treatment of {{c1::Pneumonitis}} → suction, support
Published	09/08/2024	treatment of aspiration PNA → {{c1::antibiotics}}
Published	09/08/2024	Mechanical obstruction in aspiration PNA treatment → {{c1::lateral}} head position, suction
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::Mycobacterium}}: {{c2::waxy}} {{c2::lipid}} cell wall, difficult to penetrate, difficult to stain and treat, tuberculosis vs non-…
Published	09/08/2024	{{c1::vaccinations}} are the only way to prevent whooping cough
Published	09/08/2024	SIRS is when there are 2 or more of the following present:{{c1::temp >38 or <36}}{{c2::heart rate >90}}{{c3::RR >20 or PaOC <32}}{{c4::…
Published	09/08/2024	sepsis = SIRS + {{c1::source of infection}}
Published	09/08/2024	severe sepsis = sepsis + {{c1::organ dysfunction/hypoperfusion}}
Published	09/08/2024	septic shock = severe sepsis with {{c1::hypotension}} despite {{c1::IVF resuscitation }}
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