Notes in Sleep

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Published	09/30/2024	sample {{c1::sleep}}
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Zeitgebers}} are environmental cues that help maintain the {{c2::circadian rhythm}}
Published	09/30/2024	Without {{c1::zeitgebers}}, sleep-wake cycles will go rogue and can lengthen to 25 hours in ~75% of people and even up to 48 hours in some
Published	09/30/2024	The {{c1::suprachiasmatic}} nucleus consists of 2 clusters of ~10-50k neurons, located just above the {{c2::optic chiasm}}
Published	09/30/2024	The {{c1::suprachiasmatic}} nucleus is innervated by the {{c2::retina}} via the {{c3::retinoypothalamic tract (RHT)}}
Published	09/30/2024	Retinal neurons carrying info to the suprachiasmatic nucleus exit at the {{c1::optic chiasm}} to innervate it
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Per (period)}} and {{c2::Cry (cryptochrome)}} are genes in the SCN that are activated by binding of {{c3::BMAL1}} and {{c4::CLOCK}} proteins to …
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Per (period)}} protein is susceptible to degradation unless it forms a {{c2::dimer}}
Published	09/30/2024	Dimers of {{c1::Per/Per}} and {{c1::Per/Cry}} translocate to the SCN to provide {{c2::negative}} feedback on translation of their mRNA
Published	09/30/2024	Interaction between {{c1::Per/Cry dimers}} and {{c2::BMAL1}} or {{c2::CLOCK}} activators results in inactivation of the promoters and no mRNA transcri…
Published	09/30/2024	Eventual degradation of {{c1::Per/Cry dimers}} relieves the inhibition in the SCN so transcription can begin again
Published	09/30/2024	One way {{c1::casein kinase 1 epsilon (CK1e)}} regulates circadian rhythm is via {{c2::phosphorylation}} of {{c3::PER monomers}}, resulting in their i…
Published	09/30/2024	One way {{c1::casein kinase 1 epislon (CK1e)}} regulates circadian rhythm is via {{c2::translocation}} of {{c3::Per/Cry dimers}} from the cytoplasm to…
Published	09/30/2024	One way {{c1::casein kinase 1 epsilon (CK1e)}} regulates circadian rhythm is via {{c2::degradation}} of {{c3::Per/Cry dimers}} that inhibit transcript…
Published	09/30/2024	A {{c1::tau}} mutation in {{c2::casein kinase 1 epsilon}} results in altered {{c3::timing}} of protein production
Published	09/30/2024	A mutation to the CK1e protein result in less effective {{c1::phosphorylation}} of Per {{c2::monomers}}
Published	09/30/2024	Mutation in the {{c1::Period2}} gene alters the binding site for {{c2::CK1e}}, resulting in less {{c3::phosphorylation}} and degradation of mutant Per…
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Familial advanced sleep phase}} syndrome is due to a single base-pair mutation in the {{c2::Period2}} gene
Published	09/30/2024	Endogenous sleep-promoting factors include {{c1::interleukin-1}} and {{c2::delta sleep-inducing peptide}}
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::ML1}} melatonin receptors are found in the {{c2::SCN}} and {{c3::neural retina}} and {{c4::inhibit}} SCN activity
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::ML2}} melatonin receptors are found in the brain, liver, heart, and kidneys
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Suvorexant}} is a {{c2::dual orexin receptor antagonist}} that {{c3::inhibits}} {{c4::OX1}} and {{c4::OX2}} receptors
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Orexin (hypocretin)}} is a neuropeptide produced in the {{c2::lateral/posterior}} hypothalamus that sends {{c3::excitatory}} signals throughout …
Published	09/30/2024	The {{c1::ascending reticular activating}} system is a core of neurons extending from the {{c2::rostral brainstem}} to the {{c3::basal forebrain}} tha…
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Beta}} waves are present when we're awake and alert
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Alpha}} waves are present when we're awake and relaxed
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Theta}} waves are present in stage {{c2::N1}} of sleep
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Delta}} waves are present in stage {{c2::N3 (slow wave)}} of sleep
Published	09/30/2024	Beta waves have {{c1::low}} amplitude and {{c1::high}} frequency
Published	09/30/2024	Alpha waves have {{c1::higher}} amplitude and {{c1::lower}} frequency than beta waves
Published	09/30/2024	Synchronization of neurons during alpha-wave activity is generally driven by {{c1::GABA}}-ergic neurons
Published	09/30/2024	Delta waves have {{c1::high}} amplitude and {{c1::low}} frequency
Published	09/30/2024	Sleep stage {{c1::N2}} contains {{c2::K complexes}} and {{c2::sleep spindles}}
Published	09/30/2024	In {{c1::REM}} sleep, an {{c2::EEG}} shows activity of a(n) {{c3::awake}} person but {{c2::EMG}} shows activity of a(n) {{c3::dead}} person
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::REM}} sleep is also called {{c2::paradoxical}} sleep because the sleeper is very difficult to awaken despite their EEG presenting as if they're …
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::REM}} sleep accounts for {{c2::1/4}} of total sleep time
Published	09/30/2024	There is {{c1::0}} probability of dream recall within {{c2::8 minutes}} of waking up from REM sleep
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::REM rebound}} occurs when {{c2::deprivation}} of REM sleep for several nights is followed by earlier, longer, and more frequent REM periods
Published	09/30/2024	Does total REM deprivation result in psychosis, anxiety, irritability, and bizarre behavior? {{c1::No}}
Published	09/30/2024	Chronic use of {{c1::monoamine oxidase inhibitors::drug class}} can virtually extinguish {{c2::REM}} sleep and dreaming for years
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Pontine-geniculate-occipital (PGO)}} spikes are electrical activity from the brainstem to visual cortex that precede and continue throughout {{c…
Published	09/30/2024	Pontine-geniculate-occipital (PGO)} spikes are highly synchronized to {{c1::eye movements}}
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Seroton}}-ergic neruons in the {{c2::dorsal raphe nucleus}} and {{c3::periaqueductal grey matter}} suppress {{c4::pontine-geniculate-occipital}}…
Published	09/30/2024	{{c1::Sleep latency}} is the period of time between {{c2::falling asleep}} and the first {{c3::REM cycle}}
Published	09/30/2024	Neurons that fire together during a learning event also fire together during the subsequent sleep period, resulting in {{c1::memory consolidation}}
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