Notes in Cognitive Neuroscience

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Published	02/21/2024	To what does cognition refer?
Published	02/21/2024	What did behavioristic experiments examined?
Published	02/21/2024	What do cognitive models predict?
Published	02/21/2024	What are psychological constructs?
Published	02/21/2024	To what is the field of neuroscience concerned?
Published	02/21/2024	What did Gall hypothesized regarding the cerebral cortex?
Published	02/21/2024	What did the identification of neurons by Santiago Ramón y Cajal imply?
Published	02/21/2024	Where are neurotransmitters released?
Published	02/21/2024	What has clinical neuroscience shown, regarding disfunctioning?
Published	02/21/2024	How is cognitive neuroscience defined?
Published	02/21/2024	Why does current research combine information about brain structure and function?
Published	02/21/2024	How does cognitive neuroscience gains acces to research techniques?
Published	02/21/2024	What two components allow cognitive neuroscientists to explore in many different ways?
Published	02/21/2024	What is meant by convergence in a scientific approach?
Published	02/21/2024	What is the oldest method for understanding the neural basis of cognitive function?
Published	02/21/2024	What is a major advantage of clinical-pathological correlations?
Published	02/21/2024	What is a major limitation of clinical-pathological correlations?
Published	02/21/2024	What is diaschisis?
Published	02/21/2024	In what two ways can we examine brain functions with pharmacological perturbations?
Published	02/21/2024	What is a disadvantage of administering drugs for studying cognitive processes?
Published	02/21/2024	What is transient electrical stimulation?
Published	02/21/2024	What is chronically electrical stimulation?
Published	02/21/2024	What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?
Published	02/21/2024	What is the mechanism in TMS that makes it work?
Published	02/21/2024	What are the four disadvantages of TMS?
Published	02/21/2024	Besides TMS, what is another method for performing extracranial brain stimulation?
Published	02/21/2024	What two types of tDCS are known?
Published	02/21/2024	What is anodal tDCS?
Published	02/21/2024	What is cathodal tDCS?
Published	02/21/2024	For what is tDCS commonly used?
Published	02/21/2024	What does optogenetics do?
Published	02/21/2024	What neurobiological function is the basic principle for optogenetics?
Published	02/21/2024	What is the benifit of optogenetics in terms of selectivity and resolution?
Published	02/21/2024	What is extracellular recording?
Published	02/21/2024	What is intracellular recording?
Published	02/21/2024	What does electro-encephalogram (EEG), measure?
Published	02/21/2024	What is the main advantage of EEG?
Published	02/21/2024	Why are ongoing EEG signals measured over time in clinical settings?
Published	02/21/2024	What six frequencies are there for EEG signals?
Published	02/21/2024	What is the most common signal to extract from EEG?
Published	02/21/2024	What do ERPs reflect?
Published	02/21/2024	What kind of resolution do ERPs provide?
Published	02/21/2024	What technique is magnetoencephalography (MEG)?
Published	02/21/2024	To what is MEG more sensitive?
Published	02/21/2024	To what is MEG less sensitive?
Published	12/16/2023	In {{c1::positron emission tomography (PET)::technique}}, unstable positron-emitting isotopes are synthesized in a cyclotron by bombarding elemen…
Published	02/21/2024	What isotope is most commonly used for PET?
Published	02/21/2024	What happens as the unstable isotope decays in PET?
Published	02/21/2024	What is a great limitation of PET?
Published	12/16/2023	The various limitations of PET have led to its replacement in most cognitive studies today by {{c1::functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)::tech…
Published	12/16/2023	Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is based on the fact that {{c1::oxyhemoglobin}} and {{c1::deoxyhemoglobin}} have…
Published	02/21/2024	What is oxyhemoglobin?
Published	02/21/2024	What is deoxyhemoglobin?
Published	02/21/2024	What two advantages does fMRI have over PET in terms of localisation and resolution?
Published	12/16/2023	The fMRI response to a stimulus or cognitive event begins at about {{c1::1 to 2}} seconds
Published	12/16/2023	The fMRI response to a stimulus or cognitive event peaks at about {{c1::5 to 6}} seconds
Published	12/16/2023	The fMRI response to a stimulus or cognitive event returns to baseline at about {{c1::12 to 15}} seconds
Published	02/21/2024	What is a multivoxel pattern analysis (MVPA)?
Published	02/21/2024	What does MVPA specifically analyse?
Published	02/21/2024	What is functional connectivity?
Published	02/21/2024	What is the type of functional connectivity: coactivation?
Published	02/21/2024	What is the type of functional connectivity: resting-state connectivity?
Published	12/16/2023	One way to extract the distributed patterns of common activation is to use data exploration techniques such as {{c1::principal component analysis…
Published	02/21/2024	What is the most significant shortcoming of fMRI?
Published	02/21/2024	What is the primary function of the cornea, lens, and ocular media of the eye?
Published	12/16/2023	The transformation of light energy into neural signals is mediated by {{c1::rods}} and {{c1::cones}}.
Published	12/16/2023	The processing initiated by {{c1::rods::photoreceptor}} is concerned primarily with perception at very low levels of light.
Published	12/16/2023	{{c1::Cones::photoreceptor}} respond only to greater light intensities and are responsible for the detail and color percepts.
Published	02/21/2024	What is an important principle in vision?
Published	02/21/2024	What is sensory adaptation?
Published	02/21/2024	What is the primary purpose of adaptation?
Published	02/21/2024	What is meant by acuity?
Published	02/21/2024	Why is central vision more clear than peripheral vision?
Published	02/21/2024	Why do we make saccades?
Published	02/21/2024	Of what does subcortical processing consist?
Published	02/21/2024	What is the major target of the retinal ganglion cells?
Published	02/21/2024	Which two layers does the LGN consist of?
Published	02/21/2024	To what are the P Ganglion cells, and the parvocellular neurons in the LGN concerned?
Published	02/21/2024	To what are the M Ganglion cells, and the magnocellular neurons in the LGN concerned?
Published	02/21/2024	What is the target of the lateral geniculate neurons?
Published	12/16/2023	The {{c1::extrastriate cortex::cortical area}} is generally considered a component of the {{c2::cortical association areas::cortical area}}
Published	02/21/2024	What information is mostly processed by area V4?
Published	02/21/2024	What brain regions are important for motion perception?
Published	12/16/2023	The ventral stream leads from the visual cortex to the {{c1::inferior temporal lobe::brain region}}.
Published	12/16/2023	The dorsal stream leads from striate cortex and other visual areas into the {{c1::parietal lobe::brain region}}.
Published	02/21/2024	What do we mean by topographical in the visual cortex?
Published	02/21/2024	What do we mean by cortical magnification?
Published	02/21/2024	How can an orientation tuning curve can be defined?
Published	12/16/2023	In {{c1::higher-order extrastriate cortical areas::cortical area}}, receptive fields often cover a substantial fraction of the entire visual field.
Published	02/21/2024	To what does lightness refer?
Published	02/21/2024	To what does brightness refer?
Published	02/21/2024	To what does luminance refer?
Published	02/21/2024	Describe the phenomenone:
Published	02/21/2024	What three basic aspects of the physical world determine retinal luminance?
Published	02/21/2024	What is meant by color?
Published	02/21/2024	What three perceptual qualities comprise the experience of color?
Published	02/21/2024	What is meant by hue?
Published	02/21/2024	What is meant by saturation?
Published	02/21/2024	What is meant by color brightness?
Published	02/21/2024	What function makes humans see color?
Published	02/21/2024	How is depth perception usually discussed?
Published	12/16/2023	{{c1::Monocular}} depth perception largely depends on associations learned from experience with the arrangement of objects in space.
Published	02/21/2024	What depth cues are monocular?
Published	02/21/2024	How does binocular depth perception arise?
Published	02/21/2024	What suggests that faces are identified by comparison to a standard?
Published	02/21/2024	How do auditory stimuli for humans arise?
Published	02/21/2024	What defines the range of human hearing?
Published	02/21/2024	To what does resonance refer?
Published	02/21/2024	What is the fundamental frequency?
Published	02/21/2024	What is the function of the concha and pinna?
Published	02/21/2024	What are the major features of the cochlea?
Published	02/21/2024	In what does the movement of stereocilia result?
Published	02/21/2024	What information do action potentials from auditory nerve fibers convey?
Published	12/16/2023	The first stage of central auditory processing in the brain occurs in the {{c1::cochlear nucleus::brain region}} in the {{c2::rostral m…
Published	02/21/2024	To what region do neurons of the cochlear nucleus project?
Published	12/16/2023	The {{c1::superior olive complex::brain structure}} is the first place that information from the two ears interacts.
Published	12/16/2023	Cochlear nucleus neurons send projections to the nucleus of the {{c1::lateral lemniscus::brain region}} in the midbrain.
Published	02/21/2024	What is the medial geniculate nucleus in the auditory system?
Published	02/21/2024	Where are the auditory cortices located?
Published	02/21/2024	What is the function of the secondary auditory cortices?
Published	02/21/2024	What are the main subjective qualities generated by the human auditory system?
Published	02/21/2024	What is loudness?
Published	02/21/2024	In what range is the auditory system most sensitive to intensity variations?
Published	02/21/2024	What is pitch?
Published	02/21/2024	What is timbre?
Published	02/21/2024	When are interaural time differences used?
Published	02/21/2024	When are interaural intensity differences used?
Published	02/21/2024	Which brain structure is important to detect tiny interaural time differences?
Published	02/21/2024	What does the cutaneous/subcutaneous system report?
Published	02/21/2024	What is the primary function of the nociceptive system?
Published	02/21/2024	How are perceptions of touch, pressure, vibration, and cutaneous (skin) tension are initiated?
Published	12/16/2023	The pathways and central processing stations for information from cutaneous and subcutaneous receptors, as well as from proprioceptors, together fall …
Published	12/16/2023	The {{c1::ventral posterior nuclear complex::brain region}} of the thalamus is the main target of the ascending somatosensory path…
Published	12/16/2023	The axons arising from neurons in the ventral posterior nuclear complex project to cortical neurons in {{c1::layer 4::brain region}}&nb…
Published	02/21/2024	Where is the primary somatosensory cortex located?
Published	02/21/2024	To what do neurons in somatosensory cortex area 1 and 3b respons primarily?
Published	02/21/2024	To what do neurons in somatosensory cortex area 3a respons primarily?
Published	02/21/2024	To what do neurons in somatosensory cortex area 2 respond primarily?
Published	02/21/2024	How is the perception of pain initiated?
Published	02/21/2024	What is the major target for pain and temperature axons?
Published	02/21/2024	What brain structures are responsible for the strong but largely unconscious autonomic activation that pain elicits?
Published	12/16/2023	The events leading to the perception of odors begin in the {{c1::olfactory epithelium::body structure}}.
Published	02/21/2024	Where are glomeruli located?
Published	12/16/2023	The axons arising from the olfactory bulb form a bundle called the {{c1::olfactory tract::brain structure}}.
Published	12/16/2023	The {{c1::olfactory tract::brain structure}} projects to several central stations, including the {{c2::olfactory tubercle::brain structure}}, the…
Published	02/21/2024	What is the major target of the olfactory tract?
Published	02/21/2024	Where is the pyriform cortex located?
Published	02/21/2024	To what brain structures do neurons in the pyriform cortex fire?
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Published	12/16/2023	Brain cells connects, and communicate with {{c1::neurotransmitters::cell type}}.
Published	02/21/2024	What was Brodmann's addition to neuroscience?
Published	02/21/2024	Why are neurons different from normal cells?
Published	02/21/2024	Why is it important that connections between neurons strengthen over time?
Published	02/21/2024	Where in the brain are neurons most found?
Published	02/21/2024	Where can you find purkinje neurons?
Published	02/21/2024	Where can you find pyramidal neurons?
Published	02/21/2024	Where can you find olfactory neurons?
Published	02/21/2024	Where can you find touch and pain neurons?
Published	02/21/2024	Where can you find motor neurons?
Published	02/21/2024	To what are purkinje neurons most important?
Published	02/21/2024	To what are pyramidal neurons most important?
Published	02/21/2024	To what are retinal neurons most important?
Published	02/21/2024	To what are olfactory neurons most important?
Published	02/21/2024	To what are touch and pain neurons most important?
Published	02/21/2024	To what are motor neurons most important?
Published	02/21/2024	Where can you find retinal neurons?
Published	02/21/2024	Where can you find amacrine cells?
Published	02/21/2024	To what are amacrine cells most importan?
Published	02/21/2024	What types of damage can happen to the brain?
Published	02/21/2024	Why is EEG more sensitive to gyri than sulci?
Published	02/21/2024	When using 32-64 electrodes in EEG, what can you measure?
Published	02/21/2024	When using 128 electrodes in EEG, what can you measure?
Published	02/21/2024	For what EEG best suitable?
Published	02/21/2024	How do Beta waves show in EEG?
Published	02/21/2024	How do Alpha waves show in EEG?
Published	12/16/2023	In EEG:The {{c1::higher}} the frequency, the more aroused a person is.
Published	02/21/2024	What types of waves are seen in activity during EEG?
Published	02/21/2024	What types of waves are seen during (deep) sleep?
Published	02/21/2024	What do behavioral and theoretical studies of motor control strongly support?
Published	02/21/2024	What are motor programs?
Published	02/21/2024	Where do motor programs originate?
Published	02/21/2024	What four subsystems make up neural circuits for controling movements?
Published	02/21/2024	Where are lower motor neurons located?
Published	02/21/2024	When do lower motor neurons fire?
Published	02/21/2024	Where are upper motor neurons located?
Published	02/21/2024	Where do descending projections from the cerebral cortex originate?
Published	12/16/2023	Axons of the {{c1::upper motor neurons::type of neuron}} in the {{c2::primary motor cortex::brain area}} innervate neurons in the …
Published	12/16/2023	The majority of corticospinal fibers cross the midline at the caudal end of the {{c1::medulla::brain area}} and enter th…
Published	02/21/2024	Where is the primary motor cortex located?
Published	02/21/2024	What is represented in motor maps?
Published	02/21/2024	What is the function of the frontal eye fields?
Status	Last Update	Fields