Notes in 10Enterobacteriaceae

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Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Enterobacteriaceae}} aka {{c1::intestinal coliforms}} - Gram-{{c2::negative}} rods whose natural habitat is the intestinal tract of humans …
Published	07/30/2024	Enterobacteriaceae may be motile with {{c1::peritrichous::distribution}} flagella or nonmotile
Published	07/30/2024	Enterobacteriaceae can be cultured using {{c1::Peptone}} or {{c1::meat extract}} media {{c2::without::with/without}} the addition of NaCl or other sup…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::MacConkey}} agar used as selective media for Enterobacteriaceae
Published	07/30/2024	Enterobacteriaceae can be aerobic or anaerobic (most of them are {{c1::facultative anaerobes}})
Published	07/30/2024	Enterobacteriaceae prefer {{c1::fermenting::fermenting/oxidizing}} glucose
Published	07/30/2024	Enterobacteriaceae are catalase {{c1::positive::+/-}}, oxidase {{c1::negative::+/-}} (except for {{c2::Plesiomonas}})
Published	07/30/2024	Enterobacteriaceae reduce {{c1::nitrate}} to {{c2::nitrite}}
Published	07/30/2024	Enterobacteriaceae have {{c1::39-59}}% {{c2::G::nitrogenous base}} + {{c2::C::nitrogenous base}} DNA content
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS)}} - Can ID most of the common members of Entero…
Published	07/30/2024	Does Klebsiella sp. have a capsule?{{c1::Y::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	Does Enterobacter sp. have a capsule?{{c1::Sometimes::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	E. coli and most of the other enteric bacteria have {{c1::circular::form}}, {{c1::convex::elevation}}, {{c1::smooth::consistency}} colonies with {{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	Enterobacter colonies have a more {{c1::mucoid::consistency}} appearance
Published	07/30/2024	Klebsiella have {{c1::large::size}} and very {{c1::mucoid::consistency}} colonies, tend to {{c1::coalesce}} with prolonged incubation
Published	07/30/2024	Salmonella and Shigella form colonies similar to {{c1::E. coli::bacteria}} but {{c1::do not::do/don't}} ferment lactose
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::MacConkey}} agar - Differentiates lactose fermenters from non-lactose fermenters
Published	07/30/2024	In MacConkey agar, Lactose fermenting colonies appear {{c1::PINK}}
Published	07/30/2024	In MacConkey agar, Non-lactose fermenting colonies appear {{c1::YELLOW}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify Lactose fermenting bacteria{{c1::Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the bacteria with regard to lactose fermentationEdwardsiella{{c1::Slow::Rapid/Slow/Non}} Lactose Fermenters
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the bacteria with regard to lactose fermentationSerratia{{c1::Slow::Rapid/Slow/Non}} Lactose Fermenters
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the bacteria with regard to lactose fermentationCitrobacter{{c1::Slow::Rapid/Slow/Non}} Lactose Fermenters
Published	07/30/2024	The only slow lactose fermenting Salmonella sp.: {{c1::Salmonella Arizona subgroup}}
Published	07/30/2024	Identify the bacteria with regard to lactose fermentationErwinia{{c1::Slow::Rapid/Slow/Non}} Lactose Fermenters
Published	07/30/2024	Identify non-lactose fermenting bacteria{{c1::Morganella, Yersinia, Salmonella, Shigella, Proteus, Providencia }}
Published	07/30/2024	Special media used for Enterobacteriaceae: {{c1::Triple Sugar Iron (TSI medium)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Triple Sugar Iron (TSI medium) differentiate {{c1::Salmonella}} and {{c1::Shigella}} in stool culture
Published	07/30/2024	Triple Sugar Iron (TSI medium) - Composed of {{c1::0.1}}% {{c2::glucose::sugar}}, {{c1::1}}% {{c2::sucrose::sugar}}, {{c1::1}}% {{c2::lactose::sugar}}…
Published	07/30/2024	Bacteria are inoculated in Triple Sugar Iron (TSI medium) using the {{c1::stab}} method
Published	07/30/2024	parts of a TSI Medium Result: {{c1::butt (end of the tube)}} and {{c1::the slant}}Yellow: {{c2::Acidic::pH}}Red: {{c2::Alkaline::pH}}
Published	07/30/2024	Interpretation of TSI Medium ResultsButt: YellowSlant: Yellow -> Red (alkaline){{c1::Glucose Fermenters}}
Published	07/30/2024	Interpretation of TSI Medium ResultsButt: YellowSlant: Yellow{{c1::Lactose/Sucrose Fermenters}}
Published	07/30/2024	Interpretation of TSI Medium ResultsButt: Yellow (acidic)Slant: Red (alkaline){{c1::Salmonella and Shigella}}
Published	07/30/2024	Interpretation of TSI Medium ResultsButt: Yellow (acidic)Slant: Red (alkaline)+ Rapid formation of {{c2::red}} color in Christensen’s urea medium{{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	Interpretation of TSI Medium ResultsButt: Black{{c1::Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) producers}}
Published	07/30/2024	Interpretation of TSI Medium ResultsButt: YellowSlant: Yellow{{c1::Enterobacteriaceae}}
Published	07/30/2024	Klebsiella+ Tests for: {{c1::Citrate, Lysine, Decarboxylase}} fermentationVoges-Proskauer: {{c1::+::+/-}}{{c1::nonmotile::motile/nonmotile}}growth/app…
Published	07/30/2024	Serratiaproduces {{c1::DNase}}, {{c1::lipase}}, and {{c1::gelatinase}}Voges-Proskauer: {{c1::+::+/-}}
Published	07/30/2024	MorganellaUrease Test: {{c1::+::+/-}}
Published	07/30/2024	ProvidenciaUrease Test: {{c1::-::+/-}}
Published	07/30/2024	The swarming of Proteus can be inhibited by chemicals such as {{c1::phenylethyl alcohol}} or {{c1::CLED (cystine-lactose-electrolyte-deficient)}}&nbsp…
Published	07/30/2024	Citrobacter differ from the Salmonellae in that they {{c1::do not::do/do not}} decarboxylate {{c2::lysine}}
Published	07/30/2024	Shigella{{c1::nonmotile::motile/nonmotile}}Lactose fermentation: {{c1::-. Do not ferment lactose but do ferment other carbohydrates, producing acid bu…
Published	07/30/2024	Salmonella{{c1::motile. Differentiating characteristic from Shigella::motile/nonmotile}}+ fermentation tests: {{c1::glucose and mannose without produc…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::O}} AntigensMost external part of the cell wall lipopolysaccharide (in Gram-negative bacteria)
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::O}} AntigensConsists of repeating units of polysaccharide ONLY
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::O}} AntigensResistant to heat and alcohol
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::O}} AntigensUsually detected by bacterial agglutination
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::O}} AntigensAntibodies are predominantly Ig{{c2::M}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::K}} AntigensExternal to O antigens on {{c2::some but not all::some/all}} Enterobacteriaceae
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::K}} AntigensCan be polysaccharide/protein
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::K}} AntigensInterfere w/ agglutination by O antisera
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::K}} AntigensAssociated with virulence
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::H and K}} AntigensAssociated with the Klebsiella capsule
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::H}} AntigensDenatured or removed by heat or alcohol and treated with formalin
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::H}} AntigensLocated on flagella
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::H}} AntigensMay be present in either or both of two forms, called phase 1 and phase 2
Published	07/30/2024	Two pathogenic members of the enterobacteriaceae:{{c1::Shigella}}{{c1::Salmonella}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Shigella::Shigella/Salmonella}}: glucose fermenters
Published	07/30/2024	manifestations are mostly in the GI tract: {{c1::Shigella::Shigella/Salmonella}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Salmonella::Shigella/Salmonella}}: produces H2S
Published	07/30/2024	All stains of Shigella except {{c1::S. sonnei}} are {{c2::non-lactose fermenters}}
Published	07/30/2024	Shigella is a {{c1::highly::high/low}} communicable bacteria with an infective dose of {{c2::102}} organisms
Published	07/30/2024	Shigella has both endotoxin and exotoxin.{{c1::T::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::S. dysenteriae type 1::Shigella species}} produces the heat-labile toxin responsible for the early non-bloody, voluminous diarrhea and the invas…
Published	07/30/2024	Sequelae of Shigella infection: {{c1::rarely::rarely/commonly}} develops sepsis
Published	07/30/2024	Sequelae of Shigella infection: {{c1::hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS)::syndrome}} typically associated with {{c2::S dysenteriae type 1::species}}
Published	07/30/2024	Sequelae of Shigella infection: {{c1::Reiter's chronic arthritis syndrome::syndrome}} associated with {{c2::S. flexneri::species}}
Published	07/30/2024	Specimen collected for culture of Shigella:{{c1::Stool}}{{c1::Rectal swab}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::EMB}}, {{c1::MacConkey}}, and {{c1::TSI slant}} are the differential media for Shigella
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::MALDI-ToF MS::DIfferential Test}} → limited because it could not differentiate Shigella from {{c2::E.coli }}
Published	07/30/2024	Does treatment of Shigella infection commonly involve antibiotics?{{c1::N. Shigella is self-limiting::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Salmonella::Shigella/Salmonella}} - cause of enteritis, systemic infection, and enteric fever; however, asymptomatic colonization
Published	07/30/2024	Salmonella is {{c1::motile::non-motile/motile}}
Published	07/30/2024	Salmonella never ferments {{c1::lactose}} or {{c1::sucrose}}.
Published	07/30/2024	In salmonella, antigens may be acquired or lost in the process of {{c1::transduction}}
Published	07/30/2024	Lose {{c1::H}} antigens: Salmonella become {{c2::non-motile.}}
Published	07/30/2024	Lose {{c1::O}} antigens: Salmonella forms{{c2::smooth to rough colony::colony form}}
Published	07/30/2024	Most clinically important Enterobacteriaceae that is not solely pathogenic: {{c1::E. coli}}
Published	07/30/2024	Salmonella infective dose: {{c1::105-108}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Bacteremia and vascular infections::disease}} are typically caused by Salmonella {{c2::choleraesuis}} and Salmonella {{c2::dublin.}}
Published	07/30/2024	Type of E. coli Diarrheal Disease PathogenTwo pathogenic factors responsible for infections:1. {{c2::EPEC adherence factor (EAF)}}2. {{c2::Chromosomal…
Published	07/30/2024	Most common manifestation of Salmonella infection: {{c1::Enterocolitis:}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::4-5 weeks::duration}}: Carrier state of enterocolitis caused by Salmonella
Published	07/30/2024	Salmonella first week ideal specimen: {{c1::blood (culture)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Salmonella second week ideal specimen: {{c1::serum (antibodies)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Salmonella third week ideal specimen: {{c1::stool}}
Published	07/30/2024	Salmonella fourth week ideal specimen: {{c1::urine}}
Published	07/30/2024	preliminary serologic test in identifying {{c2::Salmonella}}: {{c1::Agglutination test:}}
Published	07/30/2024	Clumping in agglutination test is {{c1::positive::positive/negative}} for salmonella
Published	07/30/2024	In Salmonella serologic methods, agglutinins rise sharply during the {{c1::second and third}} week.
Published	07/30/2024	Relapses may occur in {{c1::2-3 weeks}} after recovery in Salmonella infection.
Published	07/30/2024	People with {{c1::Sickle cell disease or sickle cell trait::Factor}} are exceedingly more susceptible to Salmonella infections
Published	07/30/2024	Type of E. coli Diarrheal Disease PathogenPathogenic factor responsible for infections:1. {{c2::Colonization factor antigens (CFAs)}}[VR] 1. Heat stab…
Published	07/30/2024	Pathogenic Shigella Species Present DesignationGroupMannitolOrnithin Decarboxylase Shigella dysenteriaeA{{c1:…
Published	07/30/2024	Type of E. coli Diarrheal Disease PathogenToxins produced: {{c2::Shiga-like toxin 1}} and {{c2::Shiga-like toxin 2}}Presents with mild {{c3::non-blood…
Published	07/30/2024	Type of E. coli Diarrheal Disease PathogenProduce disease by invading intestinal mucosal epithelial cells unlike in other diseases where toxins are th…
Published	07/30/2024	Type of E. coli Diarrheal Disease PathogenAcute and chronic diarrhea (>14 days in duration) in persons in developing countries but with unclear pat…
Published	07/30/2024	E. coli may reach the bloodstream and cause {{c1::sepsis}} secondary to {{c2::urinary tract infection}}
Published	07/30/2024	Newborns may be highly susceptible to E. coli sepsis because they lack Ig{{c1::M}} antibodies
Published	07/30/2024	Widal test positive if:Titer against O antigen: {{c1::>1:320}}Titer against H antigen: {{c1::>1:640}}
Published	07/30/2024	most common serotype for E. coli sepsis: {{c1::O25b/ST131}}
Published	07/30/2024	causes of meningitis in infants: {{c1::E. coli}} and {{c1::group B streptococci}}
Published	07/30/2024	80% of E. coli from meningitis cases have the {{c1::K1}} antigen
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::K. pneumoniae}} causes upper lobar community or hospital-acquired pneumonia with extensive hemorrhagic necrotizing consolidation of the lung and…
Published	07/30/2024	Multidrug-resistant strain of K. pneumoniae called a “carbapenamase producer:” {{c1::ST 258}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::K. granulomatis}} causes Granuloma inguinale with “{{c2::Donovan bodies}}” in tissue smears or biopsy specimens
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Enterobacter}} have AmpC beta lactamase which makes it resistant to: {{c2::1st and 2nd gen cephalosporin, ampicillin}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Vibrio::Vibrio/Aeromonas/Campylobacter/Helicobacter}}: Comma-shaped, curved, and sometimes straight {{c2::facultatively anaerobic::Interactio…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Serratia}} have AmpC beta lactamase and may be passed through medical devices, IV fluids, and indwelling catheters.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Aeromonas::Vibrio/Aeromonas/Campylobacter/Helicobacter}}: Ubiquitous inhabitants of fresh and brackish water
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Campylobacter::Vibrio/Aeromonas/Campylobacter/Helicobacter}}: Cause gastroenteritis and occasionally systemic infections
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::S. marcescens}} - most common isolate of serratia that presents usually with reddish colonies because of the red pigment {{c1::prodigosin}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Helicobacter::Vibrio/Aeromonas/Campylobacter/Helicobacter}}: Spiral, curved, or fusiform rod-shaped Gram- negative bacteria; Isolated from th…
Published	07/30/2024	Special characteristic of Proteus: {{c1::produce urease}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::P. mirabilis::Proteus}} - UTI, bacteremia, respiratory tract infections
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::P. vulgaris::Proteus}} - SSTI (skin and soft tissue infections)
Published	07/30/2024	Vibrio: Most species are motile by means of {{c1::monotrichous or multitrichous polar::type of flagella}} flagella
Published	07/30/2024	Vibrio species require {{c1::sodium chloride (NaCl)}} for growth
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts- sucrose (TCBS)}} → a culture media selective for {{c2::Vibrio}} which produced {{c3::yellow::color}} co…
Published	07/30/2024	Stool specimens suspected of Vibrio cholerae should be collected {{c1::early::early/late}} in the course of the diarrheal illness and m…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Morganella morganii}} - Infrequent cause of nosocomial infections of the urinary tract and wounds. Organism is commonly found in the environment…
Published	07/30/2024	Citrobacter koseri can cause {{c1::meningitis}} in infants less than 2 months of age
Published	07/30/2024	O antigen (LPS) - Only Serotypes {{c1::O1}} and {{c1::O139}} cause epidemic and pandemic cholera
Published	07/30/2024	Enterotoxin of V. cholera is heat {{c1::labile::stable/labile}} with subunits A & B. Subunit {{c2::A::A/B}} increases {{c3::cAMP}} …
Published	07/30/2024	V. cholera infective dose is {{c1::1010}} or more but for patients with achlorydia, as low as {{c1::102-104}} can produce inf…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::V. cholera::species}} clinical findings: “Rice water” stools, nausea and vomiting, progressing to profuse diarrhea with abdominal…
Published	07/30/2024	Specific tests for Vibrio: {{c1::Immunofluorescence}}, {{c1::Latex agglutination}}, {{c1::Coagulation assays}}
Published	07/30/2024	Treatment for Vibrio infection is primarily supportive w/ hydration.{{c1::T::T/F}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cholera vaccine given to travelers to endemic area: {{c1::Whole-cell V. cholerae O1 with recombinant cholera toxin subunit }}
Published	07/30/2024	Cholera vaccine available in Vietnam and other countries: {{c1::Whole-cell V. cholerae O1 and O139 vaccine available in Vietnam }}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Helicobacter}} - Spiral, curved, or fusiform rod-shaped Gramnegative bacteria Isolated from the GI and hepatobiliary tract of many different mam…
Published	07/30/2024	Vibrio {{c1::parahaemolyticus::species}} -  Causes acute {{c2::gastroenteritis}} after ingestion of contaminated seafood such as raw fis…
Published	07/30/2024	2 groups of Helicobacter: {{c1::Gastric}} and {{c1::Enterohepatic}}
Published	07/30/2024	Vibrio parahaemolyticus has {{c1::an::no/an}} enterotoxin
Published	07/30/2024	Vibrio {{c1::vulnificus::species}} -  Cause severe {{c2::wound}} and {{c2::soft tissue}} infections, sometimes {{c2::bacteremia}} …
Published	07/30/2024	If patient presents with sepsis due to Vibrio vulnificus its mortality is {{c1::high::high/low}} usually {{c1::50%::%}} mortality&nb…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Campylobacter jejuni::species}}: Curve, comma-, or S-shaped, Gram-negative, non- spore-forming rods may be described as “se…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Helicobacter}} survive the stomach because of their urease activity to neutralize gastric acid.
Published	07/30/2024	Aeromonas are Gram-{{c1::negative}}, {{c1::facultative anaerobic::interaction with atmospheric composition}} rods …
Published	07/30/2024	Helicobacter {{c1::does not::does/doesn't}} invade gastric mucosa
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::A. hydrophila::species}}: {{c2::gastroenteritis}} after ingestion of contaminated food or water; traumatic {{c2::soft…
Published	07/30/2024	Aeromonas usual pathogens commonly associated with human infections: {{c1::A. hydrophila}}, {{c1::A. caviae}}, and {{c1::A.…
Published	07/30/2024	Campylobacter culture requires a {{c1::microaerobic}} atmosphere, containing reduced O2 ({{c2::5-7}}%) and increased {{c2::…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Campylobacter jejuni::species}} ideal culture media: {{c1::Campy-Blood agar}} and {{c1::Skirrow’s media }} …
Published	07/30/2024	Triple therapy Treatment for Helicobacter Infection: {{c1::PPI}} + {{c1::Amoxicillin}} + {{c1::Clarithromycin}} for {{c1::7-14}} days
Published	07/30/2024	Quadruple therapy Treatment for Helicobacter Infection: {{c1::PPI}} + {{c1::Metronidazole}} + {{c1::Tetracycline}} + {{c1::Bismuth}} for {{c1::10-14}}…
Published	07/30/2024	Causes Bacillary Dysentery: {{c1::Shigella}}
Published	07/30/2024	Shigella are {{c1::non-motile::non-motile/motile}}
Published	07/30/2024	Shigella are g{{c1::-::-/+}}
Published	07/30/2024	Shigella are {{c1::facultative anaerobes::interaction with atmosphere composition}} but grow best {{c1::aerobically::interaction with atmosphere compo…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Shigella}} invades {{c1::mucosal epithelial cells (M cells)}} by induced phagocytosis
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Shigella}} causes microabscesses in the wall of the large intestine and terminal ileum causing necrosis of the mucous membrane, superficial {{c2…
Published	07/30/2024	Salmonella are g{{c1::-::-/+}}
Published	07/30/2024	Salmonella are {{c1::facultative anaerobes::interaction with atmosphere composition}}
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Vi}} Antigen of Salmonella that may be lost partially or completely
Published	07/30/2024	Salmonella infective dose for typhoid fever: {{c1::103}}
Published	07/30/2024	Is invasive diarrhea observed in tyhpoid fever?{{c1::N::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	More common cause of enterocolitis: Salmonella {{c1::enteritidis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Treatment for enterocolitis: {{c1::None or limited because it is self limiting}}
Published	07/30/2024	Campylobacter jejuni is {{c1::motile::non-motile/motile}}
Published	07/30/2024	Complications of Campylobacter: {{c1::reactive arthritis, reiter's syndrome, acute campylobacter diarrhea}}
Published	07/30/2024	Can campylobacter cause systemic manifestations?{{c1::Y. Invasive::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	Invasive diagnostic tests for Helicobacter:{{c1::Histology}}{{c1::Urease detection in tissue}}{{c1::Microbiologic culture}}
Published	07/30/2024	Noninvasive diagnostic tests for Helicobacter:{{c1::Serology}}{{c1::Urea breath test}}{{c1::Stool antigen test}}
Published	07/30/2024	The only lactose fermenting Providencia sp.: {{c1::P. stuartii}}
Published	07/30/2024	Escherichia+ Tests for: {{c1::Mannitol, Indole, Lysine, Decarboxylase}} fermentationBlood agar: {{c1::hemolysis}}Voges-Proskauer: {{c1::+::+/-}}eosin …
Published	07/30/2024	Enterobacter+ Tests for: {{c1::citrate, ornithine decarboxylase, glucose}} fermentationVoges-Proskauer: {{c1::+::+/-}}{{c1::motile::motile/nonmotile}}
Published	07/30/2024	Proteus{{c1::peritrichous::distribution}} flagella → “swarming” on solid mediaUrease Test: {{c1::+::+/-}}
Published	07/30/2024	Salmonella typhi in enteric fever multiply within the {{c1::M-cells overlying the Peyer's Patches (intestinal lymphoid tissue)::tissue}} and are excre…
Published	07/30/2024	3% of survivors of typhoid fever become permanent carriers, harboring the organisms in the {{c1::gallbladder, liver, and biliary tract}}, or …
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