Notes in Atherogenesis LECTURE 24

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Published	01/07/2025	what are risk factors of arterial disease?non-modifiable:{{c1::genetic}} abnormalities{{c1::family}} historyincreasing {{c1::age}}gender - {…
Published	01/07/2025	atherosclerosis = atheromatous plaquemade up of:{{c1::fibrous}} cap{{c1::necrotic}} core
Published	01/07/2025	what is the fibrous cap made up of in atheromatous plaque?{{c1::cells: smooth muscle, foam cells, macrophages, lymphocytes}}{{c1::proteoglycans, colla…
Published	01/07/2025	what is the necrotic core made up of in atheromatous plaque?{{c1::cell}} debris{{c1::cholesterol}} crystals{{c1::calcium}} salts{{c1::f…
Published	01/07/2025	lipid hypothesis: specific link between atherosclerosis and {{c1::high LDL cholesterol}}
Published	01/07/2025	Brown and Goldstein:{{c1::macrophages}} normally take up little 'native' LDLpatients with {{c1::LDL receptor deficiency}} accumulate large a…
Published	01/07/2025	how can oxygen cause atherosclerosis? (lipid oxidation hypothesis){{c1::Free radicals}} drive oxidative modification of LDL-cholestrolThrough: {{…
Published	01/07/2025	what did the lipid oxidation hypothesis not explain?why {{c1::atherosclerotic plaques}} are found in particular areas of {{c1::arterial trees}}&n…
Published	01/07/2025	what can be concluded from lipid oxidation hypothesis limitations?{{c1::lipid oxidation}} is a contributing factor but not primary cause of ather…
Published	01/07/2025	what is the response to injury hypothesis? (6){{c1::}}
Published	01/07/2025	the response to injury hypothesis sees atherosclerosis as: a chronic {{c1::inflammatory}} response to endothelial injury
Published	01/07/2025	what are some causes of endothelial injury/dysfunction?{{c1::haemodynamic}} stress (high BP (esp. arterial branch points)){{c1::toxins}} (e.…
Published	01/07/2025	endothelial injury response:endothelial cells release {{c1::cytokines}}and express {{c1::adhesion}} moleculesallowing {{c1::leukocytes}} (mo…
Published	01/07/2025	small molecules:{{c1::cytokines}} - mediate/regulate inflammatory response IL-1, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma{{c1::growth factors}} - stimulate grow…
Published	01/07/2025	common lipoprotein abnormalities lead to:Increased {{c1::LDL}} cholesterolDecreased {{c1::HDL}} cholesterolIncreased {{c1::Lp(a)}}
Published	01/07/2025	endothelial injury causes:increased {{c1::O2 free}} radicalsreduced {{c1::NO}} levels
Published	01/07/2025	which two lipid forms accumulate in the intima?oxidised {{c1::LDL}}{{c1::cholesterol}} crystalsthis: stimulates release of {{c1::inflammatory}}&n…
Published	01/07/2025	how do foam cells develop?{{c1::oxidised lipids}} are ingested by {{c1::macrophages}}
Published	01/07/2025	where do foam cells form?{{c1::in the intima}}
Published	01/07/2025	what is the first visible evidence of atherosclerosis?{{c1::fatty streak}} - combination of foam cells + smooth muscle cells which have migrated …
Published	01/07/2025	fatty streak formationfoam cells eventually {{c1::apoptose}}smooth muscle cells migrate from {{c1::media}}{{c1::foam cells}} + {{c1::SMCs}} …
Published	01/07/2025	what are the 5 stages of atherogenesis?1. Normal2. {{c1::Fatty streak}} - clinically silent3. {{c1::Fibrous plaque}}4. {{c1::Occlusive Atherosclerotic…
Published	01/07/2025	plaque development and stabilisation{{c1::SMCs}} migrate from media and proliferate{{c1::SMCs}} synthesise {{c1::ECM}} (mainly collagen…
Published	01/07/2025	macrophages and foam cells promote: {{c1::plaque}} growth + instability (more likely to rupture and develop arterial thrombosis)and arterial…
Published	01/07/2025	fibrous plaque development{{c1::SMC and ECM}} form {{c1::fibrous cap}} over foam cells{{c1::foam cells}} degenerate forming {{c1::necro…
Published	01/07/2025	occlusive atherosclerotic plaque formation{{c1::plaque}} grows - raised from vessel wall{{c1::calcium salts}} deposit in {{c1::necrotic core…
Published	01/07/2025	plaque rupture formationunstable plaques form when activated inflammatory cells in plaques cause:- {{c1::SMC}} apoptosis- breakdown of {{c1::ECM}…
Published	01/07/2025	plaque-related clinical eventsrupture/erosion/ulceration exposes {{c1::collagen}} and {{c1::lipid core}} which is {{c1::thrombogenic}} (prom…
Published	01/07/2025	plaque related acute clinical events{{c1::occlusion}} (ST elevation MI/stroke){{c1::athero-embolism}} - ruptured plaque material discharged …
Published	01/07/2025	clinical consequences of atherosclerosisaorta: {{c1::aneurysm}} formation (abdomen > thorax)/renal artery stenosis (HT){{c1::coronary arteries…
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