Notes in L11 Urine

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Published	11/02/2024	Hemoglobin is first converted to the {{c1::green}} pigment, {{c1::biliverdin}}
Published	11/02/2024	Biliverdin is reduced to the re-orange colored {{c1::bilirubin}} which {{c1::is not::is/is not}} water soluble
Published	11/02/2024	after biliverdin is reduced to bilirubin, it travels to the liver bound to {{c1::albumin}}
Published	11/02/2024	albumin-bound bilirubin is conjugated with {{c1::glucuronic acid}} through the action of {{c1::bilirubin glucuronosyltransferase::enzyme}} to create b…
Published	11/02/2024	bilirubin diglucuronide is hydrolyzed by intestinal bacteria to produce {{c1::urobilinogen}}, a {{c1::colorless::colored/colorless}} compound
Published	11/02/2024	bilirubin diglucuronide {{c1::is::is/is not }} water-soluble
Published	11/02/2024	urobilinogen that is reabsorbed and transported to the kidney is converted to {{c1::yellow urobilin}}, where it is excreted
Published	11/02/2024	Urobilin is also known as {{c1::urochrome}}
Published	11/02/2024	what gives stools their brown color?{{c1::urobilinogen that is oxidized by intestinal bacteria to sterocobilin}}
Published	11/02/2024	if urine is very pale, it means that the person is {{c1::drinking excess fluid}} or is {{c1::taking a diuretic}}
Published	11/02/2024	Beets, blackberries, and rhubarb can temporarily turn urine pink or redBeets, blackberries, and rhubarb can temporarily turn urine pink or redBeets, b…
Published	11/02/2024	what products/foods can cause urine to change color?{{c1::beetsblackberriesrhubarbvitaminscertain drugsfood dyes}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::beeturia}} is the phenomenon where urine turns pink after eating {{c1::beets}} and occurs in only about {{c1::10-14%}} of the population
Published	11/02/2024	urine color changes from eating beets occurs {{c1::only at certain levels of stomach acidity}} so it is not always visible
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::betacyanin}} gives beets their deep magenta color
Published	11/02/2024	Rhubarb and fava beans can also turn urine {{c1::dark brown}} or {{c1::tea colored}}
Published	11/02/2024	fruits/veggies high in {{c1::beta carotene}}, such as carrots/carrot juice and sweet potatoes can give urine an {{c1::orange}} hue
Published	11/02/2024	High concentrations of {{c1::water-soluble vitamins}}, particularly {{c1::B}} vitamins can turn the urine a bright yellow color.
Published	11/02/2024	Vitamin A can cause urine to appear {{c1::orange}} to {{c1::yellow-orange}}
Published	11/02/2024	when taking certain medications, urine typically returns to normal after {{c1::stopping the drug}}
Published	11/02/2024	drugs and the color urine they produce: red-orange: {{c4::phenazopyridine, laxatives that contain senna}}orange: {{c3::sulfasalazine, some laxati…
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::UTIs}} can cause urine to appear cloudy or murky
Published	11/02/2024	A muscle injury from extreme exercise can cause {{c1::tea}} or {{c1::cola}} colored urine and can cause kidney damage
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::early kidney disease}} may involve foamy urine{{c1::blood in urine}} and {{c1::later stage kidney disease}} can cause amber, pink or red urine
Published	11/02/2024	if {{c1::hepatocytes}} lyse and bilirubin is released via urine, it adds a {{c1::red-orange}} pigment to the urine
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::alkaptonuria}} is a rare disorder that results in accumulation of homogentisic acid (HA) and usually presents after {{c1::40}} years of age
Published	11/02/2024	elevated levels of homogentisic acid (HA) causes a {{c1::dark pigment}}
Published	11/02/2024	blue urine is often caused by {{c1::methylene blue}} and is usually seen in {{c1::familial benign hypercalcemia::condition}}
Published	11/02/2024	blue diaper syndrome is {{c1::autosomal recessive::inheritance pattern}} and is characterized by {{c1::high blood calcium}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::healthy, hydrated}} urine has no odor
Published	11/02/2024	dehydration can produce a {{c1::strong}} odor and {{c1::dark}} color
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::asparagus}} and {{c1::brussel sprouts}} have an odor that can be described like "rotting cabage"
Published	11/02/2024	the smell in urine from asparagus is caused by {{c1::volatile sulfur-containing breakdown products}} of asparagusic acid
Published	11/02/2024	can garlic and onion change urine color?{{c1::yes}}
Published	11/02/2024	Drugs that change urine smell tend to contribute to {{c1::pH}} changes in the urine
Published	11/02/2024	which condition causes sweet-smelling urine?{{c1::diabetes mellitus}}
Published	11/02/2024	{{c1::Liver disease and other metabolic disorders}} can cause a "musty" smell caused by buildup of metabolites that are not metabolized normally
Published	11/02/2024	maple syrup urine disease is {{c1::autosomal recessive::inheritance pattern}} characterized by deficiency of a {{c1::mitochondrial enzyme complex}} in…
Published	11/02/2024	in maple syrup urine disease, branched chain amino acids and their {{c1::alpha-keto acids}} accumulate in blood and become {{c1::toxic}}, impairi…
Published	11/02/2024	A characteristic maple syrup like odor of the urine results from {{c1::isoleucine}}
Published	11/02/2024	phenylketonuria imparts a {{c1::"musty"}} odor to breath and urine
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