Notes in a. Membrane Lipids and Proteins

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Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Phospholipids}} are the most abundant membrane lipids
Published	07/28/2024	The fatty acid at C1 of a phospholipid is usually {{c1::saturated}} (saturated/unsaturated?)
Published	07/28/2024	The fatty acid at C2 of a phospholipid is usually {{c1::unsaturated}} (saturated/unsaturated?)
Published	07/28/2024	Humans cannot introduce double bonds into fatty acids beyond delta-{{c1::9}}
Published	07/28/2024	Almost all fatty acids double bonds found in the body are in the {{c1::cis}} confirmation
Published	07/28/2024	The most common saturated fatty acids are {{c1::palmitic acid}} (16:0) and {{c2::stearic acid}} (18:0)
Published	07/28/2024	{{c2::Linoleic acid}} is an omega-{{c1::6}} essential {{c2::unsaturated}} fatty acid {{c1::not}} made in the body
Published	07/28/2024	{{c2::alpha-linolenic acid}} is an omega-{{c1::3}} essential fatty acid not synthesized in the body
Published	07/28/2024	The committed step in fatty acid synthesis is?
Published	07/28/2024	The synthesis of malonyl CoA by Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC1) occurs in the {{c1::cytoplasm}}
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Biotin}} is the coenzyme for carboxylations such as that performed by Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC1)
Published	07/28/2024	Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC1) is inhibited by high levels of {{c1::fatty acids}}
Published	07/28/2024	The {{c1::Fatty acid synthase complex}} is a multienzyme protein with acyl carrier proteins responsible for synthesizing {{c2::palmitate}} (…
Published	07/28/2024	After 1 cycle of the Fatty Acid Synthase, a {{c1::4}} carbon fatty acid is produced
Published	07/28/2024	Each cycle of the fatty acid synthase complex adds {{c1::2}} carbons to the growing fatty acid chain
Published	07/28/2024	After the initial cycle of the fatty acid synthase complex, which produces a {{c1::4}} carbon FA, a total of {{c2::6}} additional cycles mus…
Published	07/28/2024	The enzyme {{c1::elongase}} is responsible for producing Fatty acids that are longer than 16C from palmitate {{c2::two}} carbons at a time
Published	07/28/2024	The enzyme {{c1::desaturase}} is responsible for inserting double bonds to FA's post synthesis
Published	07/28/2024	The Fatty acid synthase complex functions in the {{c1::cytoplasm}}
Published	07/28/2024	Human elongases and desaturases function in the {{c1::endoplasmic reticulum}}
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Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)}} is the primary lung surfactant in newborns.
Published	07/28/2024	Insufficient amounts of {{c1::DPPC - Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine}} in immature lungs results in infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) be…
Published	07/28/2024	Lack of the lipid {{c1::DPPC - dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine}} causes the lungs to collapse
Published	07/28/2024	The minor phospholipid {{c1::phosphatidyl inositol (PI)}} is concentrated to the {{c2::cytosolic}} side of the bilayer
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Phosphatidylinositol (PI)}} is an important minor phospholipid because it is phosphorylated by kinases and used in signaling pathways
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Published	07/28/2024	What 2 modifications must be made to a sphingosine in order to make a sphingolipid?
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Sphingomyelins}} are sphingolipids characterized by a {{c2::phosphatidyl choline}} head group added to {{c1::ceramide}}
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Glycosphingolipids}} are sphingolipids characterized by {{c2::sugar}} headgroups
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Cerebrosides}} are glycosphingolipids characterized by {{c2::a single sugar}} head group
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Sulfatides}} are glycosphingolipids that are characterized by a {{c2::sulfate}} bound {{c3::galactose}} head group usually found on {{…
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Globosides}} are glycosphingolipids that are characterized by {{c2::poly-sugar}} head groups
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Gangliosides}} are glycosphingolipids that are characterized by a {{c2::Neuraminidase A (NANA)}} bound {{c3::galactose}} head groups to a s…
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Published	07/28/2024	Lipids with large sugar structures tend to be bound to the {{c1::outside}} of the cell
Published	07/28/2024	Cholesterol binds to the surface proximal portion of phospholipids and {{c1::decreases}} the permeability of membranes
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Increased}} unsaturation {{c2::decreases}} packing and {{c3::increases}} fluidity
Published	07/28/2024	Short fatty acid tails {{c1::increase}} fluidity
Published	07/28/2024	{{c2::Decreased}} temperature {{c1::decreases}} fluidity
Published	07/28/2024	Glycolipids are on the {{c1::external}} face of the cell to provide mechanisms for {{c2::immune}} recognition and {{c2::surveillance}}
Published	07/28/2024	The presence of phosphatidylinositols on the {{c1::cytoplasmic}} face of the plasma membrane is important for signaling pathways
Published	07/28/2024	Phosphatidylserine is usually on the {{c1::cytoplasmic}} face of the cell, but is flipped to the {{c2::external surface}} in the midst of ce…
Published	07/28/2024	In order for lipids to move to the other side of the plasma membrane, what enzymes must be utilized?
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Lipid rafts}} are microdomains in the plasma membrane that are enriched in cholesterol, sphingomyelin, glycosphingolpids, and certain proteins.&…
Published	07/28/2024	Lipids rafts are thicker due to?
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Integral}} membrane proteins are those that can be removed only by agents that disrupt membrane structure (detergents)
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Peripheral}} membrane proteins can be removed by agents that do not disrupt membrane structure (EDTA, salt, base)
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Glycophorin}} is a major glycoprotein in the erythrocyte membrane that are glycosylated and determine blood type
Published	07/28/2024	A {{c1::hydropathy plot}} can be used to predict the transmembrane domains of proteins by assigning hydrophobicity index values
Published	07/28/2024	phosphatidylcholine is found in the {{c1::outer}} monolayer of RBCs
Published	07/28/2024	Sphingomyelin is found in the {{c1::outer}} monolayer of RBCs
Published	07/28/2024	Phosphatidylethanolamine is a found in the {{c1::inner}} monolayer of RBCs until cell death occurs and it is moved to the {{c1::outer}} layer for…
Published	07/28/2024	Phosphatidylserine is found in the {{c1::inner}} monolayer of RBCs
Published	07/28/2024	Phosphoinositol is found in the {{c1::inner}} monolayer of RBCs
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::glycophorins}} (made up of transmembrane alpha helices) and {{c2::band 3}} are the 2 major transmembrane proteins found on RBCs provide str…
Published	07/28/2024	Plasma membrane is {{c1::not}} always the majority of the membrane in a cell
Published	07/28/2024	General structure of biological membranes is a {{c1::lipid}} bilayer (5 nm thick) with {{c2::embedded proteins}}
Published	07/28/2024	Different membranes have {{c1::different}} ratios of lipid to protein to optimize cellular function
Published	07/28/2024	Major lipids in biological membranes are {{c1::amphiphillic (have both a polar and non polar region)}} and include {{c1::phospholipids}}, {{c2::sphing…
Published	07/28/2024	Backbone of phospholipids is {{c1::glycerol-3-phosphate}} and fatty acids are {{c1::esterified}} at {{c2::c1}} and {{c2::c2}}
Published	07/28/2024	For phospholipids, fatty acid at C1 is usually {{c1::saturated}} and fatty acid at C2 is {{c1::unsaturated}} and provide the hydrophobic core
Published	07/28/2024	humans cannot introduce a double bond beyond {{c1::delta 9}}, omega is {{c2::last}} carbon
Published	07/28/2024	Acetyl CoA is provided by {{c1::glycolysis}} and is the {{c2::first}} molecule needed for fatty acid synthesis
Published	07/28/2024	Phosphatidylinositol can be phosphorylated {{c1::two}} times to create {{c2::PI(4,5)P2}} which plays a critical role in cellular {{c1::signaling}} whe…
Published	07/28/2024	Tay-Sachs Disease is an autosomal {{c1::recessive}} disease caused by deficiency of {{c2::hexosaminidase A}} where ganglioside GM2 accumulates in cell…
Published	07/28/2024	Krabbe's Disease is an {{c1::autosomal recessive::inheritance pattern}} disease caused by deficiency of {{c2::galactocerebrosidase A}} resulting …
Published	07/28/2024	Gaucher's Disease is an {{c1::autosomal recessive::inheritance pattern}} disease with three types caused by an mutation resulting in deficie…
Published	07/28/2024	Gaucher's Disease is treated by {{c1::enzyme replacement}} therapy where the administration of recombinant protein works well for type I (non-neuronal…
Published	07/28/2024	Gaucher's Disease can also be treated by {{c1::chaperones}} to {{c2::increase}} normal protein synthesis, {{c1::gene}} therapy with {{c2::AAV}}s conta…
Published	07/28/2024	Niemann-pick disease types A and B is an {{c1::autosomal recessive}} lysosomal disease that causes a deficiency of {{c2::sphingomyelinase}} causi…
Published	07/28/2024	What kind of structure is the polar head group in cholesterol and how does it change the permeability of the membrane?
Published	07/28/2024	Fluid mosaic model states that membrane is {{c1::fluid}} and {{c2::asymmetrical}}
Published	07/28/2024	Flippase, floppase, and scramblase play a role in {{c1::moving lipids}} from inside to outside, vice versa, and both ways, respectively
Published	07/28/2024	What are the functions of membrane proteins?
Published	07/28/2024	The two types of membrane proteins are {{c1::integral}} and {{c2::peripheral}}
Published	07/28/2024	What are the three motifs involved in protein interactions with the membrane bilayer?
Published	07/28/2024	What are the four ways in which membrane proteins associate with the lipid bilayer?
Published	07/28/2024	Bacteriorhodopsin has {{c1::seven}} transmembrane alpha helices, model for G-coupled protein receptors, amino acids on sides of loops interact with th…
Published	07/28/2024	Porin is a Beta Barrel which is a collection of beta sheets that are {{c1::amphipathic}}
Published	07/28/2024	Lipid-linked membrane proteins are lipid {{c1::anchored}} which means that they are {{c1::covalently}} attached to lipids embedded within the cell mem…
Published	07/28/2024	Carbohydrate layer on cell surface is composed of {{c1::oligosaccharide}} side chains of both the glycolipids and integral membrane proteins which pro…
Published	07/28/2024	RBC membrane has {{c1::3}} layers, glycocalyx, lipid bilayer, and membrane skeleton and many disorders for RBCs change RBC {{c2::shape}} caused by def…
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