Notes in IB exam 2

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Published	05/10/2024	A. Pressure = Flow x Resistance
Published	05/10/2024	A. CO = HR x SV
Published	05/10/2024	B. parasympathetic stimulation
Published	05/10/2024	D. Both A and BAfterload is essentially what the blood experiences as it is being ejected out of the heart. The higher the afterload, the less blood t…
Published	05/10/2024	E. Both B and CA higher venous compliance would mean the venous vessels would store more blood. Note that the venous vessels are considered the “compl…
Published	05/10/2024	D. Parasympathetic stimulationNote that PNS stimulation only occurs on NODAL tissue, not contractile tissue. PNS stimulation is also involved in decre…
Published	05/10/2024	D. anaphylactic shockAnaphylactic shock is associated with a collapse of the vascular system. Vasculature relaxes as a result and there is low mean ar…
Published	05/10/2024	B. capillaries
Published	05/10/2024	D. arteriolesArterioles indicate the greatest pressure drop = highest resistance
Published	05/10/2024	E. great veins
Published	05/10/2024	E. great veins
Published	05/10/2024	B. capillariesCapillaries have the greatest cross-sectional area. Having low velocity here allows for exchange of materials.
Published	05/10/2024	B. vessel radiusRadius is to the 4th power in the TPR equation.
Published	05/10/2024	C. What's a Korotkoff sound.Use a cuff, increase the pressure until there is no blood flow (should be silent). Slowly release the pressure and hear fo…
Published	05/10/2024	C. Resistance to flow will rise markedly.Turbulent flow has high resistance, laminar flow does not.
Published	05/10/2024	A. Increased Resistance
Published	05/10/2024	B. Decreased Resistance
Published	05/10/2024	A. serum albuminFeedback: That's right! Albumin is large, and does not pass easily through capillary fenestrations Therefore, it's movement is limited…
Published	05/10/2024	B and D
Published	05/10/2024	A,B,C,D
Published	05/10/2024	B,C,D,E
Published	05/10/2024	A,B,D,E
Published	05/10/2024	B. left atria --> left ventricle --> aorta --> vena cava --> right atria
Published	05/10/2024	A. an unstable pacemaker potential
Published	05/10/2024	D. iii --> i --> iv --> ii
Published	05/10/2024	A. Increase stroke volume, heart rate stays the same
Published	05/10/2024	B. the stroke volume increases as well according to the Frank-Starling Relationship.
Published	05/10/2024	D. recoil of elastin in the walls of arteries maintains the driving pressure.Feedback: Correct! Good job! Passive recoil of elastic elements in the ar…
Published	05/10/2024	B. Stable resting potential
Published	05/10/2024	D. Both A and B
Published	05/10/2024	C. His-Purkinje System
Published	05/10/2024	B. well-developed electrical syncytium
Published	05/10/2024	first blue line heading towards dotted line
Published	05/10/2024	Red line
Published	05/10/2024	Black and Green line
Published	05/10/2024	0
Published	05/10/2024	0
Published	05/10/2024	B. Ryanodine Receptor (RyR)
Published	05/10/2024	E.ACh
Published	05/10/2024	E. Protein Kinase A stimulation
Published	05/10/2024	E. greater preload
Published	05/10/2024	E.longer refractory period
Published	05/10/2024	1 or 2 during systole
Published	05/10/2024	C. parasympathetic activity
Published	05/10/2024	D. Both A and B
Published	05/10/2024	A. Positive Chronotropic Action
Published	05/10/2024	C. increased contractility
Published	05/10/2024	E. None of the above occur in BOTH
Published	05/10/2024	P
Published	05/10/2024	Q wave
Published	05/10/2024	Net depolarizing electrical vector is away from lead Repel (-)
Published	05/10/2024	UP and away from lead so you get a bump down
Published	05/10/2024	depolarization up and away
Published	05/10/2024	net repolarizing electrical vector is away from lead II. -repolarization away from the electrode causes upward deflection
Published	05/10/2024	T
Published	05/10/2024	P
Published	05/10/2024	Far right ECG
Published	05/10/2024	E. Atrial contraction is responsible for 75% of ventricular filling.
Published	05/10/2024	C. AV valves are open
Published	05/10/2024	B. semilunar valves are close
Published	05/10/2024	D. All of the above
Published	05/10/2024	D. All of the above
Published	05/10/2024	E. active ventricular filling begins
Published	05/10/2024	A) Methylene blue
Published	05/10/2024	E) Activation of local stretch receptors
Published	05/10/2024	C) Chemoreceptors detect metabolites that are symptomatic of insufficient perfusion
Published	05/10/2024	D) Binding Carbon monoxide
Published	05/10/2024	D) Stimulates renal sodium excretion to decrease total sodium
Published	05/10/2024	D) Area Postrema
Published	05/10/2024	B) Assessment of current glycemic state
Published	05/10/2024	D) Lymphedema
Published	05/10/2024	D) Both A and B
Published	05/10/2024	D) Pheochromocytoma
Published	05/10/2024	Answer = AVentricular ejection occurs when the ventricular pressure exceeds the aortic pressure. Another way to identify this is finding the starting …
Published	05/10/2024	Answer = S1 “Lub”Beginning of isovolumetric contraction causes the first heart sound
Published	05/10/2024	Answer = S2 “dub”T-wave = Ventricular repolarization
Published	05/10/2024	Answer = Flat line before the rise of atrial pressure.P-wave is atrial depolarization, which is atrial systole.
Published	05/10/2024	Answer = EThe highest amount of blood at EDV right before ventricular ejection.
Published	05/10/2024	Answer = CFind the beginning steps of when isovolumetric contraction begins and identify where the ventricular pressure passes it.The exact point is w…
Published	05/10/2024	Answer = DIsovolumetric relaxation ends when the pressure of the ventricles is lower than the atrial pressure, allowing passive filling of blood from …
Published	05/10/2024	Answer = BFind the point on the ventricular pressure where it is is lower than the aortic pressure after ventricular ejection.
Published	05/10/2024	E) Post-capillary venule
Published	05/10/2024	E) QT-interval begins on EKG
Published	05/10/2024	E) The molar concentration of a gas will be the same in any and all fully equilibrium compartments.
Published	05/10/2024	Answer = sphygmomanometer is an instrument that reads a blood pressure. High blood pressure involves medical referral if it emergent, acute, or long t…
Published	05/10/2024	A) Increase angiotensinogen secretion
Published	05/10/2024	B) Inhibition of adenylcyclase by Gi activation in nodal and myocardial cells
Published	05/10/2024	D) Increase duration of ventricular action potentials
Published	05/10/2024	E) Hypoparathyroid/hypocalcemic vasoconstriction
Published	05/10/2024	A) Histamine
Published	05/10/2024	A) It occurs over a pressure range from 80-200 mmHg.
Published	05/10/2024	E) The blood flow can be altered in each vascular bed to account for local metabolic needs
Published	05/10/2024	C) When 2,3-BPG is bound
Published	05/10/2024	A) Arteriole
Published	05/10/2024	B) Tangential rupture
Published	05/10/2024	C) Influence of osmotic pressure is diminished
Published	05/10/2024	Aortic arch (vagus nere)Carotid Sinus (glossopharyngeal nerve) shown on pic
Published	05/10/2024	Answer = JG cells are located in the afferent arteriole.
Published	05/10/2024	D. Liver
Published	05/10/2024	Answer = A (adult Hb)Myoglobin —> monomerFetal Hb —> tetramerAdult Hb —> tetramer + 2,3-BPGMother's Hemoglobin can readily transfer oxygen to Fetal he…
Published	05/10/2024	E) None of the above occur in both
Published	05/10/2024	A) Oxygen binds to a heme prosthetic group
Published	05/10/2024	C) Metarteriole
Published	05/10/2024	C) Carbon dioxide delivery to capillary lumen is FLOW-LIMITED
Published	05/10/2024	E) Both A and B
Published	05/10/2024	D) iii —> i —> iv —> ii
Published	05/10/2024	E) Lymphatic
Published	05/10/2024	D) Over-activity of the PNS
Published	05/10/2024	D. passive filling of ventricles Active filling not passive
Published	05/10/2024	D. Both A and B
Published	05/10/2024	E.Both B and C
Published	05/10/2024	E. hyperkalemia
Published	05/10/2024	E. Both B and C
Published	05/10/2024	Both A and B
Published	05/10/2024	D. PNS activation
Published	05/10/2024	B. sympathetic venoconstriction
Published	05/10/2024	D. anaphylactic shock
Published	05/10/2024	B. calcium channel blockers
Published	05/10/2024	nucleus solitarius
Published	05/10/2024	1. Aortic sinus 2. bifurcation point from left and right carotid arteries (carotid sinuses)
Published	05/10/2024	D. area postrema
Published	05/10/2024	D. increase duration of ventricular action potentials
Published	05/10/2024	shown on image
Published	05/10/2024	D. stimulates renal sodium excretion to decrease total sodium
Published	05/10/2024	1. diabets 2. obesity3. sleep apnea 4. smoking 5. low VitD 6. alcohol7. family history8. age 25-55
Published	05/10/2024	1. hypersensitive SNS 2. hyperactive RAAS axis 3. low renin hypertension
Published	05/10/2024	D. Both A and B
Published	05/10/2024	E. platelet aggregation
Published	05/10/2024	D. Both Primary and Secondary
Published	05/10/2024	C. tPA-PAI complexes dissociate in contact with fibrin
Published	05/10/2024	D. factor Va stabilization
Published	05/10/2024	E. VOKR( vitamin K epoxide reductase)
Published	05/10/2024	F. All of the above
Published	05/10/2024	D. Plasminogen (inactive)
Published	05/10/2024	C. is used to monitor heparin
Published	05/10/2024	D. who fall into any of the above categories
Published	05/10/2024	A. hemoglobin
Published	05/10/2024	B. the R-state
Published	05/10/2024	E. The concentration of a dissolved gas depends only on the partial pressure.
Published	05/10/2024	C. Henry
Published	05/10/2024	D. 2,3-BPG associates with Hb
Published	05/10/2024	C. 1.34 ml of oxygen/gram Hb
Published	05/10/2024	D. Low cardiac output INCREASES the O2 extraction in the tissues
Published	05/10/2024	D. Anemia left-shifts the P50
Published	05/10/2024	E. CO2 dissociation ends on an arterial curve
Published	05/10/2024	B. Venous erythrocytes are chloride-loaded
Published	05/10/2024	E. The anatomic dead space expands in disease
Published	05/10/2024	D. Alveolar PO2 is 100 mm Hg at infinite alveolar ventilation
Published	05/10/2024	C. alveolar CO2 partial pressure
Published	05/10/2024	C. 14
Published	05/10/2024	C. 400
Published	05/10/2024	E. 106
Published	05/10/2024	D. The statement is NOT correct but the reason is correct.
Published	05/10/2024	A. Both the statement and the reason are correct and related.
Published	05/10/2024	D. 6
Published	05/10/2024	D. The chest wall's transmural pressure is zero.
Published	05/10/2024	C. Requires less work to inflate
Published	05/10/2024	A. TLC with the glottis open
Published	05/10/2024	B. the chest wall tends to recoil outward
Published	05/10/2024	E. decreased P50
Published	05/10/2024	E. Arterial PO2
Published	05/10/2024	D. 11
Published	05/10/2024	C. low PO2 in the venous return
Published	05/10/2024	D. The statement is NOT correct but the reason is correct.
Published	05/10/2024	A
Published	05/10/2024	B
Published	05/10/2024	C
Published	05/10/2024	E
Published	05/10/2024	A
Published	05/10/2024	A
Published	05/10/2024	E
Published	05/10/2024	A
Published	05/10/2024	Contractility
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