Notes in 5 Special Circulation

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Published	10/07/2024	Which of the following most accurately represents the normal coronary blood flow in a resting person, expressed as both the percentage of cardiac outp…
Published	10/07/2024	Which of the following factors control coronary blood flow?I. Local tissue demandII. Cardiac outputIII. Nervous controlIV. Pulmonary circulationA. I, …
Published	10/07/2024	T/FCoronary blood flow is at its maximum during systole.During diastole, the cardiac muscle relaxes, allowing coronary blood flow to increase
Published	10/07/2024	What is the likely sequence of physiological events when coronary blood flow is significantly reduced due to blocked arteries?A. Ischemia → Myocardial…
Published	10/07/2024	In the case of a 60% blockage of a coronary artery, which physiological mechanisms would most likely occur to maintain adequate myocardial perfu…
Published	10/07/2024	T/FCoronary vasodilation is largely controlled by metabolic byproducts such as adenosine.Sympathetic stimulation decreases coronary blood flow by vaso…
Published	10/07/2024	During the first breath of a newborn, significant negative intrapulmonary pressure is generated to overcome airway resistance and alveolar surface ten…
Published	10/07/2024	Which substances are responsible for coronary vasodilation?I. Nitric oxide (NO)II. AdenosineIII. Potassium ionsIV. NorepinephrineA. I onlyB. II, III, …
Published	10/07/2024	Which of the following pathophysiological processes is most directly responsible for the development of ischemic heart disease in patients with corona…
Published	10/07/2024	T/FDuring exercise, coronary blood flow can increase 3-fold to 4-fold.Heart efficiency decreases as work output increases during exercise.
Published	10/07/2024	During intense physical activity, the heart's demand for oxygen increases significantly. Which physiological response is most likely to occur first to…
Published	10/07/2024	During vigorous exercise, multiple physiological adaptations occur to meet the increased metabolic demands of the body. Which combination of factors m…
Published	10/07/2024	During maximal exercise, the cardiac output of a young, untrained man can increase significantly to meet the oxygen and nutrient demands of active tis…
Published	10/07/2024	T/FDuring strenuous exercise, venous return increases due to muscle contractions.Cardiac output decreases as atrial pressure increases during exercise…
Published	10/07/2024	During vigorous exercise, venous return is significantly increased. Which combination of factors most effectively promotes this increased venous retur…
Published	10/07/2024	Which changes occur in the circulatory system during exercise?I. Increased cardiac outputII. Decreased right atrial pressureIII. Decreased oxygen dema…
Published	10/07/2024	Skeletal muscle blood flow varies significantly depending on metabolic activity. Under resting conditions, what is the typical range of blood flow to …
Published	10/07/2024	T/FBlood flow to skeletal muscles increases significantly during maximal exercise.Endurance training decreases stroke volume during exercise.
Published	10/07/2024	Endurance training induces various adaptations in heart function to meet the increased metabolic demands of prolonged exercise. Which of the following…
Published	10/07/2024	Which fetal circulatory structures allow blood to bypass non-functional organs?I. Ductus arteriosusII. Ductus venosusIII. Foramen ovaleIV. Umbilical a…
Published	10/07/2024	In fetal circulation, the ductus arteriosus plays a critical role in maintaining efficient blood flow due to non-functional lungs. What is the primary…
Published	10/07/2024	T/FThe ductus venosus allows blood to bypass the lungs in fetal circulation.The foramen ovale allows blood to flow from the right atrium to the left a…
Published	10/07/2024	After birth, several key changes occur in the fetal circulatory system as the newborn adapts to life outside the womb. Which sequence of physiological…
Published	10/07/2024	What occurs when the umbilical cord is clamped after birth?I. Blood flow from the placenta stopsII. The ductus venosus closesIII. Pulmonary circulatio…
Published	10/07/2024	Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) is a surgical intervention used to restore blood flow to the myocardium. Which of the following factors best de…
Published	10/07/2024	T/FBefore birth, about 55% of the blood flows to the placenta.After birth, most of the blood flow bypasses the lungs.
Published	10/07/2024	Systolic stretch, a pathological condition observed in myocardial infarction, contributes to decreased cardiac efficiency. Which of the following mech…
Published	10/07/2024	Which factors contribute to the closure of the ductus arteriosus after birth?I. Increased oxygenation of bloodII. Increased pulmonary blood flowIII. D…
Published	10/07/2024	After birth, the ductus venosus undergoes significant changes as part of the transition to postnatal circulation. What is the fate of the ductus venos…
Published	10/07/2024	T/FThe ductus arteriosus remains open for several weeks after birth.The ductus venosus closes within 1-3 hours after birth.
Published	10/07/2024	The heart muscle has a high oxygen demand, and the coronary circulation plays a crucial role in meeting this requirement. Under normal resting conditi…
Published	10/07/2024	Which of the following is the primary vasodilator released during hypoxic conditions in the heart?A. Nitric oxideB. AdenosineC. ProstaglandinsD. Potas…
Published	10/07/2024	During the cardiac cycle, coronary blood flow is regulated by both mechanical and metabolic factors. What is the primary mechanism responsible for the…
Published	10/07/2024	Coronary circulation is finely regulated by both neural and local factors. In particular, sympathetic nervous system activity influences coronary vasc…
Published	10/07/2024	Which of the following is the most common cause of ischemic heart disease?A. ThrombosisB. AtherosclerosisC. Coronary artery spasmD. Hypertension
Published	10/07/2024	A patient experiences angina pectoris during physical exertion, which is relieved by rest. Which of the following best explains this phenomenon?A. Red…
Published	10/07/2024	In a patient with significant coronary artery occlusion, collateral circulation has developed over time. This adaptation is important because it:A. Pr…
Published	10/07/2024	A 55-year-old man with a history of myocardial infarction presents with chest pain. His pain radiates to his left arm and left scapula. This distribut…
Published	10/07/2024	During strenuous exercise, a healthy young adult experiences a 4-fold increase in cardiac output. What would likely happen to coronary blood flow duri…
Published	10/07/2024	A 65-year-old patient presents with angina, which is successfully treated with short-acting vasodilators. Which of the following drugs is most likely …
Published	10/07/2024	A patient presents with signs of decreased coronary blood flow. Which of the following factors would most directly cause coronary vasodilation to meet…
Published	10/07/2024	A sudden occlusion of a coronary artery leads to myocardial ischemia. Which of the following compensatory mechanisms will initially try to limit damag…
Published	10/07/2024	T or F: Ventricular fibrillation is most likely to occur within the first 10 minutes after a myocardial infarction.
Published	10/07/2024	T or F: The foramen ovale closes immediately after birth due to decreased pressure in the left atrium
Published	10/07/2024	T or F: Collateral circulation develops rapidly in response to sudden coronary artery occlusion.
Published	10/07/2024	Which of the following are complications associated with myocardial infarction? I. Systolic stretchII. Pulmonary edemaIII. Hypertrophic cardiomyo…
Published	10/07/2024	Which drugs are used in the treatment of angina pectoris? I. NitroglycerinII. Beta-blockersIII. Calcium channel blockersIV. Angiotensin receptor …
Published	10/07/2024	Which factors can lead to ventricular fibrillation after myocardial infarction?I. Decreased potassium levels in ischemic myocardiumII. Sympathetic ove…
Published	10/07/2024	T or F: At very high heart rates, cardiac output continues to increase proportionally with heart rate.
Published	10/07/2024	T or F: Stroke volume decreases significantly during exercise due to an increased heart rate.
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