Notes in 07 Mucosal spaces: oral cavity,pharynx, larynx

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Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: oral cavity, pharynx, larynx The pharynx extends from the {{c1::skull base::superior border}} to the {{c1::thoracic inlet::Inferi…
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: oral cavity, pharynx, larynx The {{c1::pharynx}} is the anatomic center of the head and neck.
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: oral cavity, pharynx, larynx The pharynx is divided into 3 antomic regions:{{c1::Nasopharynx}} {{c1::Oropharynx}}{{c1::Hypop…
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: oral cavity, pharynx, larynx {{c1::Muscosal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)::Cancer}} arises from the {{c2::squamous}} lining of th…
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: oral cavity, pharynx, larynx Criterion for TNM staging of SCC is {{c1::individualized::Individualized/consistant}} for each site …
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: oral cavity, pharynx, larynx SCC in the larynx is subdivided based on what 3 subsites:{{c1::Supraglottic}} {{c1::Glottic}}{{…
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: oral cavity, pharynx, larynx SCC tumor size and lymph node size are measured by {{c1::longest diameter}}
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: Nasopharynx The nasopharynx extends from the {{c1::skull base::superior border}} to the {{c1::soft palate::Inferior border}}
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: Nasopharynx The nasopharynx is located posteriorly to the {{c1::nasal}} cavity
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: Nasopharynx {{c1::Nasopharyngeal tonsillar}} tissue is found in the midline of the nasopharynx
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: Nasopharynx {{c1::Nasopharyngeal}} lymphoma arises from the nasopharyngeal tonsillar tissue (the adenoid)
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: Nasopharynx Most {{c1::nasopharyngeal}} carcinomas arise from the fossa of {{c2::Rosenmuller}}
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: Nasopharynx The fossa of {{c1::Ressenmuller}} is adjacent to the opening of the {{c2::Eustachian tube}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: Nasopharynx {{c1::Nasopharygneal}} tumors often present with middle ear {{c2::effusion}} from obstruction of the {{c1::eustachian…
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: Nasopharynx Nasopharyngeal SCC often has {{c1::minimal::significant/minimal}} mucosal disease and {{c1::significant::significant/…
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: Nasopharynx Nasopharyngeal SCC 1st and 2nd most frequent extension1. {{c1::parapharyngeal}} space2. {{c1::retropharyngeal}} space…
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: Nasopharynx T staging of Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is defined by {{c1::extent of invasion::tumor size vs extent of invasion}}
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: Nasopharynx Nasopharyngeal carcinoma staging T{{c2::1}} is confined to the {{c1::nasopharynx::location}}
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: Nasopharynx The preferred staging tool for nasopharyngeal carcinoma is {{c1::MR::image modality}} due to the importance of evalua…
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: Nasopharynx Nasopharyngeal SCC often initially metastasize to the {{c1::Retropharyngeal}} and {{c2::High jugular (level II) …
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: Nasopharynx Nasopharyngeal SCC is often treated with what combination of surgery, chemo, and radiation?{{c1::chemo+radiation&nbsp…
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: Nasopharynx A {{c1::Thornwaldt}} cyst is a {{c2::notochordal}} remnant, usually asymptomatic but can cause {{c3::halitosis::sympt…
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: Nasopharynx A Thornwaldt cyst is typically located at the {{c1::midline of the nasopharynx}}
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: Nasopharynx Blue Arrow: {{c1::Thornwaldt cyst}}MRI signal depends on {{c2::protein}} content
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: oropharynx The oropharynx extends from the {{c1::soft palate::superior border}} to the {{c1::hyoid bone::inferior border}}
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: oropharynx The oropharynx includes the {{c1::posterior 1/3 portion of the tongue::portion of tongue}}, {{c2::the vallecula::space…
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: oropharynx The {{c1::circumvallate papillae}} defines the anterior border of the oropharynx and separates the oropharynx from the…
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: oropharynxThe {{c1::soft}} palate is part of the oropharynx and the {{c1::hard}} palate is part of the oral cavity.
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: oropharynxThe two most common locations for oropharyngeal SCC are the {{c1::anterior portion of the tonsil }} and the {…
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: oropharynxOropharyngeal SCC has TWO TNM staging classifications which depends on {{c1::p16/High-risk HPV}} status.
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: oropharynx16/HPV-associated oropharyngeal SCC has a {{c1::better::Better/Worse}} prognosis
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: oropharynxOropharyngeal SCC T-staging is based on {{c1::size::Extent of invasion vs size}}
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: oropharynxIn oropharyngeal SCC, carefully evaluate {{c1::pre-epiglottic fat}} space. If tumor extension stage to T{{c2::3}}.
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: oropharynxIn staging oropharyngeal SCC {{c1::mandibular}}, {{c2::bilateral base of tongue}}, and {{c3::prevertebral muscle}} invasion …
Published	05/01/2023	Mucosal spaces: oropharynxIn staging oropharyngeal SCC, {{c1::pterygopalatine fossa}} invasion raises the possibility of perineural spread.&…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spacesOropharyngeal SCC often treated with {{c1::single-modality surgery or radiation}} in early stages
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Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity The oral cavity includes the {{c1::anterior 2/3::portion}} of the tongue
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity The lips are part of the {{c1::oral}} cavity
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity The buccal mucosa is within the {{c1::oral}} cavity
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity The gingiva is within the {{c1::oral}} cavity
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity The hard palate is within the {{c1::oral}} cavity
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity The retromolar trigone is within the {{c1::oral}} cavity
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity The floor of the mouth is within the {{c1::oral}} cavity
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity The sublingual spaces are bound by the {{c1::intrinsic muscles of the tongue}} superiorly and by the {{c1::mylohyoid …
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity The sublingual spaces are bound by the {{c1::mandible}} anteriorly and the {{c1::geniohyoid/genioglossus muscles}} me…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity Important structures running through sublingual space{{c1::lingual}} nerve (branch of trigeminal) {{c1::glossoph…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity  Directly inferior to the sublingual space is the {{c1::submandibular}} space.
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity The sublingual space is separated from the submandibular space by the {{c1::mylohyoid muscle}} anteriorly
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity {{c1::Nothing}} separates the sublingual space from the submandibular space posteriorly.
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity Yellow arrow: {{c1::Retromolar trigone }}
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity {{c1::SCC}} is the most common maligancy that occurs in the oral cavity
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity Risk factors for SCC:{{c1::Smoking::Substance}}{{c1::Chewing tobacco::Substance}}{{c1::HPV exposure::Virus}}
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity Most common site of SCC in oral cavity?{{c1::Lip}}
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity The role of imaging in oral SCC is to access for {{c1::osseous}} invasion or {{c2::lymph node}} metastases
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity T staging for oral cavity SCC is largely based on {{c1::size::Extent of invasion vs size}}
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity The {{c1::retromolar trigone}} should be evaluated in {{c2::oral cavity}} SCC staging as it cannot be evaluated clini…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity Oral cavity SCC primary tongue lesions should be assessed for extension across {{c1::midline::location}} and involvme…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity  A {{c1::dermoid}} is a teratomatous lesion which contains at least {{c2::two::#}} germ cell layers
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity Dermoid and epidermoid appear as {{c1::fluid-attenuation lesion}} on CT
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity A pathognomonic MRI finding of a dermoid cyst is a {{c1::sack of marbles}} appearance resulting from {{c2::floating f…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity  A {{c1::ranula}} is a mucous retention cyst that arises from the {{c2::sublingual gland}} as a sequela of inflamma…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity  A {{c1::plunging}} ranula extends from the sublingual space into the submandibular space by extending through a de…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity  When a dermoid cyst presents below the mandible, it is typically {{c1::midline::location}}, compared to the eccentr…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity yellow arrow: {{c1::ranula}}
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity  A {{c1::thyroglossal duct cyst (TDC)}} represents persistence of the {{c2::thyroglossal duct}}.
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity  The thyroglossal duct follows the midline descent of the embryonic {{c1::thyroid}} gland from the base of the {{…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity  Most thyroglossal duct cysts present in {{c1::childhood::age}} as an enlarging neck mass which elevates with {…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity  The majority of thyroglossal duct cysts (65%) are {{c1::infrahyoid::infrahyoid/suprahyoid}}
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity  {{c1::Thyroid}} carcinoma ({{c1::papillary}} type) is a rare complication seen in {{c2::1}}% of thyroglossal duct …
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity   yellow arrow: {{c1::thyroglossal duct cyst }}
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity {{c1::Lingual thyroid}} is ectopic {{c1::thyroid}} tissue that has incompletely descended during embryologic developm…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity In lingual thyroid, the neck should be evaluated to confirm {{c1::lack of normal gland}}.
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity  Lingual thyroid is much more common in {{c1::females::gender}}.
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity  (T/F): Lingual thyroid is susceptible to standard thryoid pathology i.e. thyroiditis and cancer.  {{c1::True}…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity  {{c1::Lymphatic malformations}} are congenital abnormalities that result when the embryologic lymphatics fail to…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity  Three types of {{c1::lympahtic}} malformations classified by {{c1::size}}:{{c2::Cystic hygroma}}{{c3::Cavernous l…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity  {{c1::Cystic hygroma}} is the most common type of lymphatic malformation
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity  Cystic hygroma is often associated with {{c1::chromosomal (including turner and down syndromes)}} anomalies. …
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity  Largest oral cavity lymphatic malformation is a {{c1::cystic hygroma}}. The most common location is in the {{c2::…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity  The smallest lymphatic malformation of the oral cavity is a {{c1::capillary lymphangioma}}
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: oral cavity  The intermediate size lymphatic malformation of the oral cavity is a {{c1::cavernous lymphangioma}}
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: odontogenic lesions  A {{c1::dentigerous}} cyst is the most common type of non-inflammatory {{c2::odontogenic}} cyst  …
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: odontogenic lesions  A {{c1::dentigerous}} cyst forms when fluid accumulates between the follicular epithelium and the crown of…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: odontogenic lesions  A {{c1::dentigerous}} cyst manifests as a {{c2::well::well/ill}}-defined {{c2::uni::multi/uni}}locular {{c…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: odontogenic lesions  A dentigerous cyst most commonly effects the crown of a {{c1::mandibular::mandibular/maxillary}} {{c1::thi…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: odontogenic lesions Yellow arrowFindings:: {{c1::unilocular lucent lesion of left third mandibular molar }}Diagnosis:: {{c1:…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: odontogenic lesions A {{c1::radicular cyst}} is the most common odontogenic lytic lesion and is associated with {{c1::an infected…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: odontogenic lesions A {{c1::radicular cyst}} is the most common odontogenic lytic lesion and is associated with {{c1::an infected…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: odontogenic lesions A radicular cyst can progress to bony {{c1::dehiscence}} which results in extension of the inflammation to ne…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: odontogenic lesions  {{c1::Ameloblastomas}} are {{c2::benign::benign/malignant}} epithelial neoplasms and exhibit locally agg…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: odontogenic lesions  80% of Ameloblastomas occur in the {{c1::ramus}} and {{c1::posterior body}} of the {{c2::mandible}} …
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: odontogenic lesions  {{c1::Ameloblastomas}} classically appear as {{c2::multilocular::monoloculat/multilocular}} lytic lesions…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: odontogenic lesions  {{c1::Ameloblastoma}} is predominantly cystic whereas{{c2::Odontogenic keratocysts}} are more heterogen…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: odontogenic lesions Findings: {{c1::mixed-density peripherally calcified mass in left maxillary sinus, biopsy showed ameloblastom…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: odontogenic lesions  A {{c1::keratocystic odontogenic}} tumor is a {{c2::benign::benign/malignant}} {{c3::unilocular::unilocula…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: odontogenic lesions  Findings: {{c1::unilocular lucent lesion in the left mandibular body (path shows odonotogenic keratoc…
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Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: hypopharynx The hypopharynx can be divided into three regions:{{c1::piriform sinuses}}{{c2::posterior pharyngeal wall}}{{c3::poste…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: hypopharynx The {{c1::aryepiglottic}} folds separate the hypopharynx from the {{c1::supraglottic}} larynx.  …
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: hypopharynx Most hypopharyngeal SCCs arise in the {{c1::pyriform sinus}}.
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: hypopharynx Staging of hypopharyngeal SCC is dependent on {{c1::both tumor size and invasion of adjacent structures::tumor size/in…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: hypopharynx {{c1::fixation}} of the hemilarynx is important to access in {{c2::hypopharyngeal squamous cell}} carcinoma.  …
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Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx The {{c1::larynx}} connects the oropharynx airway to the tracheal airway.
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynxThe cartilaginous components of the larynx:{{c1::epiglottis}}{{c2::thyroid cartilage}}{{c3::cricoid cartilage}}{{c4::arytenoids}…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx The {{c1::cricoid}} cartilage is a complete ring which provides the foundation for the laryngeal skeleton.  …
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx The entire larynx, including the epiglottis, aryepiglottic folds and false vocal cords, is lined with {{c1::mucosa}}&nbsp…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx The {{c1::aryepiglottic folds}} are an extension of the mucosa covering the epiglottis and mark the entrance to the la…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynxThe aryepiglottic folds connect the {{c1::epiglottis}} anteriorly to the {{c1::arytenoids}} posteriorly.  …
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx The false vocal cords can be identified on cross-sectional imaging by the presence of the {{c1::paraglottic fat}} laterally.…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx The {{c1::supraglottic larynx}} extends from the epiglottis to the ventricle  …
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx The {{c1::glottis}} includes the true vocal cords, the anterior and posterior commissures, and extends 1 cm below th…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynxThe {{c1::true vocal cords}} are identified in the axial plane by CT or MRI by identifying the transition of paraglottic fat to …
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx The {{c1::subglottic larynx}} begins 1 cm inferior to the apex of the laryngeal ventricles and extends to the first tra…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx Vocal cord paralysis is most commonly due to {{c1::iatrogenic trauma from neck surgery}}  …
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx Vocal cord paralysis may be secondary to a mass along the course of the {{c1::vagus}} or {{c2::recurrent laryngeal}} nerves&n…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx The most common mass to cause left vocal cord paralysis is a {{c1::mediastinal::location}} or {{c1::thoracic::location}} ma…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx Enlargement of the {{c1::left atrium}} or {{c1::pulmonary arteries}} may cause {{c2::cardiovocal syndrome}} due to {{c3::recur…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx The CT imaging of {{c1::vocal cord paralysis}} shows a thickened, medialized {{c2::aryepiglottic fold}} and enlargement of …
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynxThe most commonly affected nerve in vocal cord paralysis is the {{c1::left::side}} {{c1::recurrent laryngeal}} nerve …
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynxFor vocal cord paralysis, imaging should extend from the {{c1::skull base}} to the {{c1::left pulmonary artery}} to cover the fu…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx The {{c1::recurrent laryngeal}} nerve innervates all laryngeal muscles except the {{c2::cricothyroid}} muscle, which is inner…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx  A {{c1::laryngocele}} is a dilation of the laryngeal ventricle, which may be caused by {{c2::high laryngeal pressures}}…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx A laryngocele may be filled with {{c1::air}} or {{c1::fluid}}.  …
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx Glassblowers, trumpet players, and patients with COPD have increased risk of delevoping a {{c1::laryngocele}}.  …
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynxWhen identifying a laryngocele it is important to assess for ventricular obstruction from {{c1::neoplasm::general}} most commonl…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx{{c1::Laryngeal SCC}} is the most common laryngeal malignancy
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynxlymphoma and chondrosarcoma of the larynx are {{c1::submucosal}} and thus {{c2::are not::are/are not}} vissible on layrngoscopy.…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynxThe majority of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma arise from the {{c1::glottis}} …
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx laryngeal SCC has three staging schemes, specific to the subsites: {{c1::supraglottic}} {{c1::glottic}}{{c1::subglot…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx Staging of supraglottic SCC depends on:{{c1::Number of subsites of supraglottis}}{{c2::Vocal cord mobility}}{{c3::Involvement …
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx In treatment of supraglottic SCC, involvment of which structures are contraindications to supraglottic laryngectomy:{{c1::lary…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynxStaging of glottic squamous cell carcinoma is dependent on:{{c1::Vocal cord mobility}}{{c2::cartilaginous involvement}}{{c3::ext…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynxSCC of the {{c1::glottis}} has early presentation due to {{c2::voice changes}}  …
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx{{c1::Subglottic}} SCC constitutes less than 5% of larygneal carcinomas  …
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynxPrognosis for subglottic SCC is {{c1::poor::good/poor}}{{c1::since they tend to present at more extensive stage}} …
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx Laryngeal hemangiomas are frequently associated with {{c1::cutaneous}} lesions  …
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx Laryngeal hemangiomas frequently regress in infants, however can be treated with {{c1::laser}} therapy due to risk of {{c2::a…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynxYellow arrow findings: {{c1::nodular thickening of right false cord effacing paraglottic fat. With F-18 FDG uptake. }}Red a…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynxPosterior soft tissues are prone to injury due to the “{{c1::sandwich effect}}” from blunt trauma to the neck which compresses t…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynxThyroid and cricoid cartilage fractures may be difficult to detect in young patients due to {{c1::incomplete ossificication}} …
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx Iatrogenic trauma from intubation can cause {{c1::arytenoid}} cartilage dislocation.  …
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: larynx Yellow arrow: {{c1::minimally displaced fracture of the thryoid cartilage}} …
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: Other malignant neoplasms of the mucosal spaces  Lymphoma can arise from the {{c1::adenoids}} of the nasopharynx. Most freque…
Published	05/01/2023	mucosal spaces: Other malignant neoplasms of the mucosal spaces  {{c1::Chondrosarcomas}} are generally centered in either the cricoid or thyroi…
Published	05/01/2023	An {{c1::epidermoid}} contains only {{c2::ectoderm::specific germ layer}}.
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