Notes in k. Cytoskeleton

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Published	07/28/2024	e.g. of signal that might lead to disassembly of filaments in cytoskeleton
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Microtubules::component}} are the physically largest type of cytoskeletal filament made of alpha beta-tubulin dimers (25 nm)
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Microfilaments}} are the thinnest type of cytoskeletal filament made of actin (7-9) nm
Published	07/28/2024	The {{c1::G::G/F}}-actin has low ATPase activity
Published	07/28/2024	G-actin monomers {{c2::self-assemble}} non-{{c1::covalently::type of association}}
Published	07/28/2024	Why does F-actin have polarity?
Published	07/28/2024	Three phases of F-actin assembly in vitro:{{c1::lag}} phase{{c2::growth}} phase{{c1::equilibrium}} phase
Published	07/28/2024	In the growth phase of F-actin assembly, actin monomers are added to which end(s) of the growing polymer?
Published	07/28/2024	At steady state of F-actin assembly, actin monomers are added to the {{c1::plus::plus/minus}} end and removed from the {{c1::…
Published	07/28/2024	At steady state of F-actin assembly, what does treadmilling describe?
Published	07/28/2024	During treadmilling in the steady state of F-actin assembly, {{c1::ATP::ATP/ADP}}-G-actin is added to the plus end
Published	07/28/2024	Why is <50% of actin polymerized in vivo?
Published	07/28/2024	Actin binding proteins:role of bundling protein?
Published	07/28/2024	Actin binding proteins:role of capping protein?
Published	07/28/2024	Actin binding proteins:role of severing protein?
Published	07/28/2024	Actin binding proteins:role of sequestering protein?
Published	07/28/2024	Actin binding proteins:role of depolymerizing protein?
Published	07/28/2024	Benefit of non-covalent binding interactions in actin filaments?
Published	07/28/2024	Microtubules are made of a heterodimer of {{c1::α::type}}-tubulin and {{c1::β::type}}-tubulin
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::β::α/β}}-tubulin has high GTPase activity in microtubules
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::α::α/β}}-tubulin = {{c2::minus::plus/minus}} end in microtubules
Published	07/28/2024	Two types of non-covalent associations of αβ-tubulin dimers which result in the formation of a tube:{{c1::head-to-tail}} associations{{c1::side-to-sid…
Published	07/28/2024	Only micro{{c1::filaments::filaments/tubules}} treadmill in cells
Published	07/28/2024	Though microtubules do not exhibit treadmilling, microtubules exhibit {{c1::dynamic instability::phenonmenon}}
Published	07/28/2024	Two MTOCs:{{c1::cilia::cellular structure}}{{c2::centrosome::mitotic apparatus}}
Published	07/28/2024	In microtubules, what does dynamic instability refer to?
Published	07/28/2024	In microtubules, what is the purpose of dynamic instability?
Published	07/28/2024	In microtubules, only the {{c1::plus::plus/minus}} end exhibits dynamic instability
Published	07/28/2024	In microtubules, why does the plus end only exhibit dynamic instability?
Published	07/28/2024	In dynamic instability within microtubules, Rapid growth occurs with {{c1::high::high/low}} [{{c2::GTP::GTP/GDP}}-tubulin]
Published	07/28/2024	A structural role of intermediate filaments is to connect {{c1::cell-to-cell junctions::cellular interface}}
Published	07/28/2024	Many {{c1::lateral::directionality}}, non-covalent interactions between intermediate filament subunits give the filament great strength …
Published	07/28/2024	Intermediate filaments are made up of {{c1::coiled coils (alpha helices)}} and {{c1::lack::possess/lack}} polarity
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Intermediate filaments::cytoskeletal component}} make up nuclear lamina
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Phosphorylation::chemical modification}} regulates intermediate filament (dis)assembly in nuclear lamina
Published	07/28/2024	Keratins = {{c1::intermediate filament::cytoskeletal component}}
Published	07/28/2024	Keratins help skin to resist {{c1::mechanical::type}} stress
Published	07/28/2024	Mutations in Lamin{{c1::A::type}} protein cause {{c2::progeria::condition}}
Published	07/28/2024	Lamins play key roles inmaintaining {{c1::nuclear::cell component}} structureregulating {{c2::transcription::process}}controlling cell {{c1::di…
Published	07/28/2024	Progerin protein leads {{c1::blebs::component}} to form in nuclei as well as clustering of nuclear {{c1::pores::different compon…
Published	07/28/2024	All motor proteins that use actin filaments are {{c1::myosins::protein type}}
Published	07/28/2024	Motor proteins in microtubules:{{c1::dynein::protein type}} goes to {{c2::⊖::⊕/⊖}} end{{c1::kinesin::protein type}} goes to {{c2::⊕::⊕/⊖}} end …
Published	07/28/2024	Motor proteins in microtubules read {{c1::αβ::name}} subunits to know which direction to travel
Published	07/28/2024	All motor proteins utilize energy from {{c1::ATP::ATP/GTP}} hydrolysis
Published	07/28/2024	Why aren't there any motor proteins for intermediate filaments?
Published	07/28/2024	Every "step" of a motor protein requires {{c1::one::amount}} ATP(s)
Published	07/28/2024	Transport provided by motor proteins is especially important in {{c1::neurons::cell type}}
Published	07/28/2024	Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is marked by {{c1::peripheral::type}} neuropathy and weakness of {{c1::distal::area}} muscles
Published	07/28/2024	Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease results from a mutation to a(n) {{c1::ATP::ATP/GTP}}-binding pocket for {{c2::kinesin::motor protein}}, p…
Published	07/28/2024	Some cases of motor neuron disease are caused by mutations to {{c1::dynein::motor protein}}
Published	07/28/2024	Dynamic instability first occurs in mitosis during {{c1::prophase::phase}}
Published	07/28/2024	Ring of actin filaments forms during {{c1::telophase::mitotic phase}}. {{c2::Myosin motors}} contract these filaments during {{c2::cy…
Published	07/28/2024	Nuclear envelope breakdown (NEB) is caused by {{c1::phosphorylation::chemical modification}} of {{c2::intermediate filaments}} which make …
Published	07/28/2024	Role of dynamic instability of spindle fibers (microtubules) in prometaphase?
Published	07/28/2024	Bipolar spindle is formed by microtubules being pushed into place by {{c1::kinesins::motor proteins}}
Published	07/28/2024	Segregation of chromosomes to spindle poles in mitosis requires which motor proteins?
Published	07/28/2024	Cell migration:extension of lamellipodium occurs through {{c1::actin::actin/tubulin}} polymerization
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::nucleation::process}} is rate-limiting step in polymerization of actin and microtubules
Published	07/28/2024	Arp 2/3 complex {{c1::increases::increases/decreases}} nucleation of actin polymerization only at leading edge
Published	07/28/2024	Motile cilia and flagella have a characteristic {{c1::9+2::name}} structure called the {{c2::Axoneme}}
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::dynein::motor protein}} causes beating motion of the cilia, named the axoneme
Published	07/28/2024	microvilli are {{c1::actin::actin/microtubule}}-based structures
Published	07/28/2024	Role of microvilli in GI tract and what are they made of?
Published	07/28/2024	The building block of microfilaments are {{c1::actin}}
Published	07/28/2024	The soluble form of actin is {{c1::G (globular)}}-actin
Published	07/28/2024	Actin reversibly binds {{c1::ATP/ADP}}
Published	07/28/2024	G-Actin has {{c1::low}} ATPase activity
Published	07/28/2024	F-actin has {{c1::high}} ATPase activity
Published	07/28/2024	The fibrous, non-soluble form of actin is called {{c1::F (Fibrous)}}-actin
Published	07/28/2024	G-actin is added faster to the {{c1::postive}} end of the F-actin
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Published	07/28/2024	When actin is at steady state, it undergoes a process of {{c1::treadmilling}}, where polymerization occurs at equal rate as depolymerization at t…
Published	07/28/2024	Actin bound to {{c1::ATP}} is polymerized to the growing actin filament
Published	07/28/2024	Actin bound to {{c1::ADP}} is depolymerized from the actin filament
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Published	07/28/2024	Microtubules are made out of {{c1::alpha-beta tubulin dimers}}
Published	07/28/2024	Tubulin wil bind {{c1::GTP/GDP}}
Published	07/28/2024	Each beta tubulin has {{c1::GTPase}} activity
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Tubulin}} associates non-covalently to form 13 {{c2::protofiliments}} and form a helical cylinder
Published	07/28/2024	In vivo, microtubule minus ends are stabilized by {{c1::centrosomes}} and thus are unable to undergo depolymerization.
Published	07/28/2024	In vivo, depolymerization occurs at the {{c1::positive}} end of the microtubule
Published	07/28/2024	Microtubules do not treadmill in cells, instead they undergo {{c1::dynamic instability}}
Published	07/28/2024	When the concentration of GTP-Tubulin gets too {{c1::low}}, polymerizartion is slower than GTP hydrolysis and microtubules rapidly depolymerize
Published	07/28/2024	When the concentration of GTP-Tubulin is {{c1::high}}, polymerization occurs before GTP hydrolysis and microtubule growth occurs
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Published	07/28/2024	Intermediate filaments are {{c1::nonpolar}} (polar/nonpolar?)
Published	07/28/2024	Which cytoskeletal component does not bind/hydrolyze nucleotides?
Published	07/28/2024	Explain Intermediate filament packing
Published	07/28/2024	For nuclear lamina (which are {{c1::intermediate filaments}}), assembly/disassembly is regulated by {{c2::phosphorylation}}
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Epidermolysis bullosa simplex}} is a hereditary disease that causes blistering of the skin in response to mechanical stress. The pathology is a …
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Laminopathies}} are a group of herterogenous genetic disorders associated with genes for lamins A, B1, B2 and C. The clinical patholgy provides …
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Progeria}} is a rare premature aging disease of children that results from mutations in genes for the nuclear {{c2::lamin}} which are neces…
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Dyneins}} are molceular motor proteins that move towards the {{c2::negative}} end of the microtubule
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Kinesins}} are molecular motor proteins that move towards the {{c2::positive}} end of the microtubule
Published	07/28/2024	Motor proteins use the energy of {{c1::ATP hydrolysis}} to drive their directed movement
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Motor neuron disease}} is one of the most common neurodegenerative disease in humans. It is caused by mutations in {{c2::motor}} proteins
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Charcot Marie Tooth disease (CMT)}} is the most common inherited peripheral neuropathy. It is caused by a loss of function mutation in the genes…
Published	07/28/2024	What is the function of intermediate filaments during cell division?
Published	07/28/2024	What is the function of microtubules during cell division?
Published	07/28/2024	What is the function of actin filamints during cell division?
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::Myosin}} motors are used to contract the actin filamints at the spindle midzone, allowing for cellular cleavage during cytokenesis
Published	07/28/2024	What are the 3 steps in cell migration?
Published	07/28/2024	Cell migration is primarily driven by the polymerization of the {{c1::actin}} cytoskeleton
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::nucleation}} is the rate limiting step in actin polymerization
Published	07/28/2024	The Arp 2/3 complex (actin related proteins) is responsible for developing new {{c1::nucleation}} sites on F-Actin during the assembly of the lea…
Published	07/28/2024	Cilia and flagella are organelles that drive cell {{c1::motility}}
Published	07/28/2024	Cilia (and flagella) are {{c1::microtubule}} based orgenelles
Published	07/28/2024	The microtubules in a cilia are arranged into a structure called the {{c1::axoneme}}
Published	07/28/2024	The beating of cilia is driven by the molecular motor {{c1::dynein}} which activates in a circular motion around the axoneme
Published	07/28/2024	Cilia that have been observed in single copies on cells in locations that have nothing to do with motility are typically used for?
Published	07/28/2024	Cilia that have been observed in single copies on cells in locations that have nothing to do with motility lack {{c1::dynein}}
Published	07/28/2024	Cystic kidney disease is caused by?
Published	07/28/2024	Situs inversus is caused by?
Published	07/28/2024	Microvilli are composed of bundles of {{c1::F-actin}}
Published	07/28/2024	{{c2::Microvilli}} function to {{c1::increase cell surface area}}
Published	07/28/2024	The stereocilia in the corti of the inner ear are {{c1::actin based}} {{c2::microvilli}} that transduce the mechanical force of sound into n…
Published	07/28/2024	Nonsyndromic senorineural recessive deafness is caused by?
Published	07/28/2024	alpha-actin = {{c1::skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle}}beta- and gamma-actin = {{c1::non-muscle (mainly for cellular structure)}}
Published	07/28/2024	soluble {{c1::G-actin}} does not hydrolyze ATP, But {{c1::F-actin}} does
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::ATP::ATP/ADP}} actin prefers to polymerize. Hence rapid polymerization at {{c2::+::+/-}} end{{c1::ADP::ATP/ADP}} actin prefers depolymeriztion. …
Published	07/28/2024	Both actin filament and tubulin have {{c1::weak::weak/strong}} enzymatic activity
Published	07/28/2024	{{c1::MAP or Microtuble associated}} proteins control the assembly and disassembly of microtubules
Published	07/28/2024	Commonality in all intermediate filaments is that they have {{c1::no common}} building blocks
Published	07/28/2024	Intermediate filaments, unlike actin filament and microtubules, do not {{c1::bind/hydrolyze}} nucleotides
Published	07/28/2024	Neural progenitor cells:Growth stage - Peripherin {{c1::up::up/down}}regulatedMature stage - Peripherin {{c1::downregulated::up/down}}, neurofilaments…
Published	07/28/2024	In actin:{{c1:: Myo-V}} carries cargo towards + end{{c1::Myo - VI}} carries cargo towards - end
Published	07/28/2024	3 steps of cell migration:- Extension of lamellipodium through {{c1::actin}}- contraction to allow for traction through connection of {{c1::transmembr…
Published	07/28/2024	Structural difference between Primary/sensory cilia and motile cilia is that former lack {{c1::central}} microtubules and {{c1::dynein::a type of moto…
Published	07/28/2024	Defects in sensory cilia can produce {{c1::cystic disease of kidney}} and {{c2::situs inversion}}
Published	07/28/2024	Stereocilia contains {{c1::Actin::actin/myosin}}
Published	07/28/2024	Describe process of nucleotide hydrolysis by G-Actin
Published	07/28/2024	Different intermediate filaments are expressed at {{c1::different}} points during development
Published	07/28/2024	Microvilli are found as {{c1::stereocilia}} in organ of corti in inner ear. {{c1::Stereocilia}} is a misnomer as cilia are usually microtubules wherea…
Published	07/28/2024	Nonsyndromic senorineural recessive deafness accounts for {{c1::80%}} of hereditary hearing loss and is caused by short {{c1::stereocilia}} caused by …
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