Notes in 01_Jaundice

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Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Jaundice}} is the yellow discolouration of mucous membranes, sclera and skin.
Published	02/10/2024	Jaundice happens due to the accumulation of {{c1::bilirubin}}
Published	02/10/2024	Jaundice may be seen at bilirubin concentration {{c1::>2.5 mg/dL (>40 µmol/L)}}
Published	02/10/2024	The three pathways of Bilirubin Metabolism:{{c1::Prehepatic}}{{c1::Intrahepatic}}{{c1::Posthepatic}}
Published	02/10/2024	Prehepatic metabolism of bilirubin involves:[1] {{c1::Breakdown of haemoglobin in spleen to form haem and globin}}  [2] {{c1::Haem converted to&n…
Published	02/10/2024	Intrahepatic metabolism of Bilirubin (UCE)[1] {{c1::Uptake of unconjugated bilirubin by hepatocytes}}  [2] {{c1::Conjugation of bilirubin in hepa…
Published	02/10/2024	Posthepatic metabolism of Bilirubin (TBR)[1] {{c1::Transport of conjugated bilirubin in biliary system}}  [2] {{c1::Breakdown of bilirubin conjug…
Published	02/10/2024	The most common cause of {{c1::Prehepatic}} jaundice is {{c2::haemolysis, e.g. sickle cell anaemia, thalassaemia.}}
Published	02/10/2024	Causes of Prehepatic Jaundice{{c1::Haemolysis e.g. thalassaemia, sickle cell anaemia}} {{c1::Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS)}}  {{c1::Crigler—N…
Published	02/10/2024	The most common causes of {{c2::Intrahepatic}} jaundice are {{c1::cholestasis}} and {{c1::intra-hepatic bile duct obstruction due to PBC, PSC, or…
Published	02/10/2024	Causes of Intrahepatic Jaundice{{c1::Cholestasis}}{{c1::Intra-hepatic bile duct obstruction}}{{c1::Viral and Drug-induced hepatitis}}{{c1::Alcoholic l…
Published	02/10/2024	The most common causes of {{c1::Posthepatic}} jaundice are {{c2::cholelithiasis}}, {{c2::acute/chronic cholecystitis}}, and {{c2::extra-hepatic b…
Published	02/10/2024	Causes of Posthepatic Jaundice{{c1::Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)}}{{c1::Acute/Chronic cholecystitis}}{{c1::Extra-hepatic bile duct obstruction}}{{c1::C…
Published	02/10/2024	Bilirubin normally causes the {{c1::dark}} colour of stools, so a lack of bilirubin can cause {{c1::pale}} stools.
Published	02/10/2024	To investigate for the type of jaundice you must determine the {{c1::underlying cause}}
Published	02/10/2024	You determine the underlying cause behind jaundice by looking at: (i.e. to know the type of jaundice)[1] Appearance of {{c1::urine}} and {{c1::stool}}…
Published	02/10/2024	Treatment of Jaundice is via treating the {{c1::underlying cause}}
Published	02/10/2024	Differential Diagnosis of Jaundice is {{c1::Carotenemia}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Prehepatic}} jaundice is associated with history of {{c2::anaemia}}
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Hepatic}} jaundice is associated with risk factors for liver disease such as:[1] ({{c2::IVDU}}[2] {{c2::Drug intake}}) [3] Liver decompensation …
Published	02/10/2024	{{c1::Posthepatic}} jaundice is associated with {{c2::RUQ/Epigastric abdominal pain}} and {{c2::cholestasis}} showing as ({{c2::pruritus}}, …
Published	02/10/2024	On examination of Prehepatic jaundice we might see:{{c1::Pallor}} and {{c1::Splenomegaly}}
Published	02/10/2024	On examination of Hepatic jaundice we might find:{{c1::Spider naevi}}, {{c1::Gynaecomastia}}, {{c1::Ascites}}, {{c1::Asterixis}}
Published	02/10/2024	On examination of Posthepatic jaundice we might find:{{c1::Palpable gallbladder (Courvoisier's sign)}}{{c1::RUQ pain}}
Published	02/10/2024	Imaging to investigate the cause of Jaundice is by {{c1::Ultrasound}}
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