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PTH.S1.L05.Diseases of the Immune System (no edit)
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Published
10/21/2024
This is a protection against infectious pathogens. It also includes host reactions against cancer, tissue transplants, and even self antigens. Normal …
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10/21/2024
What are the two categories of Normal Immune Response? {{c1::Innate Immunity}} and {{c2::Adaptive Immunity}}
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10/21/2024
{{c1::Innate Immunity}} is the first line of defense and an intrinsic mechanism poised to react immediately. This is also called natural or native imm…
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10/21/2024
Innate Immunity includes the following:{{c1::Epithelial barriers}} {{c2::Phagocytes}}{{c3::Dendritic Cells}}{{c4::Complement system}}{{c5::NK Cells}}
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{{c1::Adaptive Immunity}} develops more slowly but more powerful in combating infections. This is also called acquired or specific immunity.
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Adaptive Immunity includes the following:{{c1::B lymphocytes}} {{c2::T Lymphocytes}}
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The components of the innate immune system are always present and ready to provide immediate defense against {{c1::microbes}} and eliminate {{c2::dama…
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10/21/2024
Epithelial barriers such as the skin, GIT, and respiratory tract act as {{c1::mechanical barriers}} and produce antimicrobial molecules like {{c2::def…
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10/21/2024
Monocytes and neutrophils are types of {{c1::phagocytes}} that can be rapidly recruited to any site of {{c2::infection}}.
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10/21/2024
Dendritic cells (DCs) are known as {{c1::antigen-presenting cells}} that capture protein antigens and display {{c2::peptides}} for recognition by T ly…
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10/21/2024
Innate lymphoid cells are tissue-resident lymphocytes that lack T-cell antigen receptors and are activated by {{c1::cytokines}} and other mediators pr…
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10/21/2024
The complement system, mannose-binding lectin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) are examples of {{c1::plasma proteins}} that promote {{c2::phagocytosis}} …
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10/21/2024
Pattern recognition receptors are located in ALL cellular compartments where microbes may be present {{c1::TRUE::TRUE/FALSE}}{{c1::Plasma membrane}} r…
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{{c1::Pathogen-associated}} molecular patternsMicrobial structures{{c1::Damage-associated}} molecular patternsMolecules released by injure and necroti…
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10/21/2024
{{c1::Toll-like receptors (TLRs)}}Plasma membrane and endosomal vesiclesActivates NF-kB and interferon regulatory factors (IRFs)
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10/21/2024
NOD-like receptorsNucleotide binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)Recognize products released from {{c1::necrotic or damaged cells}}, loss of intra…
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10/21/2024
NOD-like receptorsSignal via the {{c1::inflammasome}} which activates caspase-1 that cleaves a precursor form of IL-1 to generate the biologically act…
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10/21/2024
Plasma membrane of macrophages and DCsDetect fungal glycansRIG-Iike receptors (RLRs)C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)Mannose receptorsPlasma membrane G p…
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10/21/2024
Recognize short bacterial peptides containing N-formylmethionyl residuesRIG-Iike receptors (RLRs)C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)Mannose receptorsPlasma…
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10/21/2024
Retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)CytosolDetect nucleic acids of viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cellsRIG-Iike receptors (RLRs)C-t…
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10/21/2024
Recognize microbial sugars and induce phagocytosis of the microbesRIG-Iike receptors (RLRs)C-type lectin receptors (CLRs)Mannose receptorsPlasma membr…
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10/21/2024
What is the primary role of NK cells?
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10/21/2024
Among the cells destroyed by NK cells are {{c1::Virus-infected cells}} and {{c1::Tumor cells}}
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10/21/2024
{{c1::CD16}} is a receptor for IgG Fc tails
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CD16 confers NK cells the ability to {{c1::lyse}} {{c2::IgG-coated}} {{c3::target cells}}
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10/21/2024
What do you mean by ADCC
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10/21/2024
{{c1::Inhibitory}} receptors recognize self class 1 MHC molecules which areexpressed on all {{c2::healthy cells}}
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10/21/2024
NK cells secrete cytokines such as what?
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10/21/2024
Interferon-y (IFN-y), {{c1::activates}} {{c2::macrophages}} to destroy ingested microbes
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10/21/2024
Activity is regulated by:→ {{c1::IL-2}} and {{c1::IL-15}} - {{c2::stimulate}} {{c3::proliferation}} of {{c4::NK cells}}→ {{c5::IL-12}} - activates the…
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10/21/2024
• Killing of target cells by NK cells is regulated by signals from {{c1::activating}} and {{c1::inhibitory}} receptors
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Inhibitory receptors {{c1::prevent}} NK cells from {{c2::killing}} {{c3::normal}} cells
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Inflammation triggers _____ and _____ components of inflammation
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10/21/2024
_____ produced in response to virusesAct on infected and uninfected cellsActivate enzymes that degrade viral nucleic acids and inhibit viral replicati…
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10/21/2024
Type of Adaptive Immunity that protects against extracellular microbes and their toxins
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Humoral immunityProtects against extracellular microbes and their toxinsMediated by {{c1::B lymphocytes}} and their secreted products, antibodies {{c1…
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10/21/2024
Type of Adaptive Immunity which is the defense intracellular microbes and against cancers
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10/21/2024
Cell-mediated (cellular) immunityDefense against intracellular microbes and against cancersMediated by {{c1::T lymphocytes}}
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Among the following adaptive immunity cells, which one pertains to mature lymphocytes that have not yet encountered the antigen to which they are spec…
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10/21/2024
Among the following adaptive immunity cells, which one are responsible for eliminating microbes?Naive lymphocytesEffector CellsMemory cellsNone of the…
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10/21/2024
Stimulate B lymphocytes to make antibodies and activate other WBCs
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10/21/2024
Kill infected cells
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10/21/2024
Limit immune response and prevent reactions against self antigens
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10/21/2024
Each T cell recognizes a specific cell-bound antigen by means of an {{c1::antigen-specific TCR}}
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10/21/2024
TCR Consists of a {{c1::disulfide-linked}} heterodimer made up of an {{c1::α}} and a {{c1::β}} polypeptide chain
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10/21/2024
Recognizes peptide antigens that are bound to and presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surfaces of antigen-presenting …
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10/21/2024
Each TCR is noncovalently linked to {{c1::6}} polypeptide chains
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10/21/2024
cytokine-secreting helper cells that assist macrophages and B lymphocytes to combat infections
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10/21/2024
{{c1:: CD8+ cells}} function as CTLs that destroy host cells harboring microbes; Expressed in {{c1::~30}} % of mature T cells
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10/21/2024
CD4 and CD8 serve as {{c1::coreceptors}} in T-cell activationCD{{c1::4+}} helper T cells → Class {{c1::II}} MHC moleculesCD8+ {{c1::cytotoxic}} T cell…
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10/21/2024
Adhesion molecules that promote the attachment of T cells to APCs
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10/21/2024
{{c1::B Lymphocytes}} are the mediators of humoral immunity and the only cells in the body capable of producing antibodies.
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How do B Lymphocytes recognize antigens?Via B-cell antigen receptor complexVia T-cell antigen receptor complex
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10/21/2024
After stimulation, B cells develop into {{c1::plasma cells}} as well as long-lived {{c2::memory cells}}
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10/21/2024
The B-cell antigen receptor complex contains a heterodimer of two invariant proteins, {{c1::Igα}} and {{c2::lgβ}} that are essential for signal transd…
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10/21/2024
What type 2 complement receptors are able to recognize complement products generated during innate immune responses to microbes. These are also used b…
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10/21/2024
What complement receptor receives signals from helper T cells?CR1CR2CD21CD40
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10/21/2024
Most important antigen-presenting cells for initiating T-cell responses against {{c1::protein antigens}}.
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10/21/2024
Dendritic cells have numerous {{c1::fine cytoplasmic processes}} and are located under the {{c2::epithelia and interstitia}} of all tissues.
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10/21/2024
Immature dendritic cells in the epidermis are called {{c1::Langerhans cells}}.
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10/21/2024
Dendritic cells express many receptors like {{c1::TLRs}} and {{c2::lectins}} for capturing and responding to {{c3::microbes}}.
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10/21/2024
Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are present in the {{c1::germinal centers}} and play a role in {{c2::humoral immune responses}} by presenting antige…
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10/21/2024
MACROPHAGESPart of the mononuclear phagocyte systemAntigen-presenting cells in {{c1::T-cell activation}}Key effector cells in certain forms of {{c1::c…
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10/21/2024
MACROPHAGESParticipate in the effector phase of {{c1::humoral immunity::what type of immunity}}Efficiently phagocytose and destroy microbes that are o…
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10/21/2024
What are the primary lymphoid organs?
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10/21/2024
When do T and B lymphocytes mature and become competent?
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10/21/2024
What are the other names for primary lymphoid organ?
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10/21/2024
Enumerate the secondary/peripheral lymphoid organs
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10/21/2024
What are the nodular aggregates of lymphoid tissues located along the lymphatic channels throughout the body?
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10/21/2024
Lymph NodesAs lymph slowly diffuses through lymph nodes, {{c1::Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)}} are positioned to recognize antigens{{c2::Dendritic c…
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10/21/2024
It is the site of generation of the majority of adaptive immune responses
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10/21/2024
Lymph Nodes
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Lymph Nodes
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Lymph Nodes
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Lymph Nodes
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Lymph NodesIn lymph nodes, B cells are concentrated in discrete structures called {{c1::follicles}} which are located in the cortex of the nodesIf the…
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10/21/2024
This organ serves similar roles as lymph nodes do in immune responses
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10/21/2024
In the spleen, T lymphocytes are concentrated in the {{c1::periarteriolar lymphoid sheath}} surrounding small arterioles B cells reside in the follicl…
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10/21/2024
Cutaneous and mucosal lymphoid systems:Located under the epithelia of the {{c1::skin}} and {{c1::GIT}} and {{c1::respiratory tracts}}, respectivelyRes…
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10/21/2024
This is also called human leukocyte antigens (HLA) in which it displays peptide fragments of protein antigens for recognition by antigen-specific T ce…
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10/21/2024
True or False: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) Molecules are highly polymorphic.
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10/21/2024
True or False: There are millions of distinct MHC gene alleles in humans.
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10/21/2024
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class I molecules are expressed on all {{c1::nucleated cells}} and {{c2::platelets}}.
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10/21/2024
MHC class I molecules display peptides that are derived from {{c1::cytoplasmic proteins}}, including normal proteins and {{c2::virus-}} and {{c3::tumo…
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10/21/2024
MHC class I molecules are recognized by {{c1::CD8+ T cells}}.
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10/21/2024
Expressed on cells that present ingested antigens and respond to T-cell help (macrophages, B lymphocytes, and DCs)
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10/21/2024
What does the innate immune response do to the body?
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10/21/2024
What cells are involved in innate immune response?
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10/21/2024
What cytokines are part of the innate immune response?
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10/21/2024
Mature lymphocytes that have not yet encountered the antigen towhich they are specific
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10/21/2024
Cells of the adaptive immune system than eliminate microbes
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10/21/2024
Live in a state of heightened awareness and are able to react rapidly and strongly to combat the microbe in case it returns
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10/21/2024
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10/21/2024
COLONY-STIMULATING FACTORS (CSFs)Stimulate {{c1::hematopoiesis}}Increase {{c2::leukocyte}} production during immune and inflammatory responsesTo incre…
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10/21/2024
IgE together with eosinophils, kill parasites, due to {{c1::Th2 cytokines}}
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10/21/2024
These 2 immunoglobulins are responsible for activating the complement system by classical pathway
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10/21/2024
Which of the following statements is true for IgG?It opsonizes microbes and target them for phagocytosisWorks with IgE to promote phagocytosis and des…
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10/21/2024
Refers to injurious immune reaction; excessive or harmful reaction to an antigenElicited by exogenous environmental antigens or endogenous self antige…
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10/21/2024
HypersensitivitySensitization of an individual previously exposed to an antigen manifest detectable reactions to that antigenUsually results from imba…
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10/21/2024
Hypersensitivity reactions can be classified based on the underlying immunologic mechanism:{{c1::Immediate (Type l) hypersensitivity}}{{c2::Antibody-m…
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10/21/2024
Immediate (Type I) hypersensitivity is triggered by the binding of an antigen to {{c1::IgE antibody}} on the surface of mast cells.
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10/21/2024
Systemic reactions in Type I hypersensitivity can lead to a state of {{c1::shock}} within minutes and may be fatal.
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Local reactions in Type I hypersensitivity vary depending on the portal of entry and include conditions like {{c1::skin allergy}}, {{c2::allergic rhin…
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10/21/2024
Excessive Th2 responses in Type I hypersensitivity stimulate {{c1::IgE production}} and promote {{c2::inflammation}}.
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10/21/2024
The late-phase reaction in Type I hypersensitivity involves the infiltration of tissues with {{c1::eosinophils}}, {{c2::neutrophils}}, and {{c3::basop…
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10/21/2024
{{c1::Immediate}} reactionVasodilation, vascular leakage, and, depending on the tissue, smooth muscle spasm, or glandular secretions{{c1::Late-phase}}…
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10/21/2024
Immediate reactionOccurs within {{c1::minutes::duration of immediate rxn}} and subsides in a few hoursLate-phase reactionInfiltration of tissues with …
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10/21/2024
Arrange in orderT cells differentiate into Th2 cellsPresentation of the antigen to naive CD4+ helper T cellsProduces cytokines and chemokinesI-II-IIII…
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10/21/2024
This cytokine acts on B cells to stimulate class switchin to IgEIL-4IL-5IL-6IL-13
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10/21/2024
Promotes development of additional Th2 cellsIL-4IL-5IL-6IL-13
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10/21/2024
Promotes development and activation of eosinophilsIL-4IL-5IL-6IL-13
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10/21/2024
Acts on epithelial cells to stimulate mucus secretionIL-4IL-5IL-6IL-13
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10/21/2024
Abundant near small blood vessels and nerves and in subepithelial tissues. Have cytoplasmic membrane-bound granules which contain mediators and acidic…
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10/21/2024
Circulating counterpart of mast cells
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Mediators of Immediate HypersensitivityWhat does Mast Cell Activation lead to?
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10/21/2024
Mediators of Immediate HypersensitivityWhat are the Granule Contents?
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10/21/2024
Mediators of Immediate HypersensitivityGranule ContentsWhat is the most important mast cell-derived amine?
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10/21/2024
Mediators of Immediate HypersensitivityWhat is the Granule Content contained in the granule matrix?Examples: Neutral proteases (chymase, trypase) and …
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10/21/2024
Mediators of Immediate HypersensitivityWhich granule content serve to package and store amines in the granules?Vasoactive aminesEnzymesProteoglycans
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10/21/2024
Mediators of Immediate HypersensitivityWhat are the Lipid Mediators?
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10/21/2024
Mediators of Immediate HypersensitivityLipid MediatorsWhat are the most potent vasoactive and spasmogenic agents known?
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10/21/2024
Mediators of Immediate HypersensitivityLipid MediatorsWhat is the most abundant mediator produced in mast cells by the cyclooxygenase pathway
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10/21/2024
Mediators of Immediate HypersensitivityLipid MediatorsWhich lipid mediator is not derived from AA?
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10/21/2024
Mediators of Immediate Hypersensitivity{{c1::Cytokines}}{{c2::TNF}}, {{c2::IL-1}}, and {{c2::chemokines}} promote leukocyte component{{c3::IL-4}} ampl…
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10/21/2024
Mediators of Immediate HypersensitivityThe mediators produced by {{c1::mast cells}} are responsible for most of the manifestations of immediate hypers…
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10/21/2024
Mediators of Immediate Hypersensitivity
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10/21/2024
During late-phase reaction, {{c1::Leukocytes}} are recruited to amplify and sustain the inflammatory response without additional exposure to triggerin…
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10/21/2024
Give 2 chemokines that recruit eosinophils upon site of inflammation
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10/21/2024
What are the 2 unique proteins liberated, together with proteolytic enzymes, once eosinophils are activated?
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10/21/2024
Which is not true regarding the Charcot-Leyden crystals?They are composed of protein galectin-10It can be detected in sputum of patients with asthmaTh…
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10/21/2024
Propensity to develop immediate hypersensitivity reactions; higher serum IgE levels and more IL-4 producing Th2 cells
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10/21/2024
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions that are triggered by non-antigenic stimuli (temperature extremes and exercise) and do not involve Th2 cells or I…
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10/21/2024
Characterized by vascular shock, widespread edema, and difficulty in breathing. This can occur in hospital settings (after administration of foreign p…
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10/21/2024
Allergies involving localized reactions to common environmental allergens include {{c1::pollen}}, {{c2::animal dander}}, {{c3::house dust}}, and foods…
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10/21/2024
Anaphylaxis may be caused by {{c1::drugs}}, {{c2::bee stings}}, or {{c3::food}}, and can result in a fall in blood pressure (shock) due to {{c4::vascu…
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10/21/2024
In bronchial asthma, airway obstruction is caused by {{c1::bronchial smooth muscle hyperactivity}}, and inflammation and tissue injury are caused by t…
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10/21/2024
In allergic rhinitis and sinusitis (hay fever), there is increased {{c1::mucus secretion}} and inflammation of the {{c2::upper airways}} and sinuses.
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10/21/2024
In food allergies, increased {{c1::peristalsis}} due to contraction of intestinal muscles can result in {{c2::vomiting}}.
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Immediate hypersensitivity reactions can be triggered by allergens such as {{c1::pollen}}, {{c2::animal dander}}, and {{c3::foods}}.
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{{c1::Antibody - Mediated (Type II) Hypersensitivity}} are antibodies that react with antigens present on cell surfaces or in the extracellular matrix…
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10/21/2024
Phagocyte Fc receptors recognize cells opsonized by what?
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10/21/2024
What antibodies can activate the complement system by the classical pathway?
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What is the net result of the opsonized cells?
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Complement activation leads to the formation of what?
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10/21/2024
What happens in ADCC?
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ADCC occur in the following situation except:Transfusion reactionsHemolytic disease of the fetus and newbornThrombocytosisNone of the above
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What is the mechanism of MAC?
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10/21/2024
The main chemotactic agent that directs the migration of granulocytes and monocytes
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10/21/2024
Cellular DysfunctionIn some cases, antibodies directed against cell surface receptors {{c1::impair}} or {{c1::dysregulate}} function without causing c…
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10/21/2024
Cellular Dysfunction
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In {{c1::exogenous}} antigens of type III hypersensitivity, porin protein may be injected or produced by an infectious microbe.
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10/21/2024
These are antigens that form the immune complexes, responsible for producing antibody against self-antigens (in type III hypersensitivity)
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10/21/2024
Nephritis is a clinicopathologic manifestation in the following disease/s:SLESerum sicknessPolyarteritis nodosaA & B only
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10/21/2024
Prototype of a systemic immune complex diseaseUsed to be a frequent sequela to the administration of large amounts of foreign serumPathogenesis of thi…
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10/21/2024
Common sites of immune complex deposition
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10/21/2024
Immune complex-mediated disease tends to be systemic, but often preferentially involve common sites of immune complex deposition:→ Kidneys causing {{c…
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10/21/2024
Associated with necrosis of the vessel wall and intense neutrophilic infiltration
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10/21/2024
Fibrinoid necrosisNecrotic tissue and deposits of {{c1::immune complexes}} complement{{c1::Plasma protein}} appear as a smudgy eosinophilic area of ti…
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10/21/2024
Single exposure to a large amount of antigen
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Repeated or prolonged exposure to an antigen; Give example
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What condition shows a localized area of tissue necrosis resulting from acute immune complex vasculitis that is usually elicited in the skin?Arthus Re…
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10/21/2024
Inflammation caused by CD4+ T cells is mainly due to cytokines produced by {{c1::CD4+ T cells}}.
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CD4+ T cell-mediated inflammation can lead to chronic and destructive inflammation through the production of {{c1::cytokines}}.
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10/21/2024
Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) is a prototype of {{c1::T cell-mediated inflammation}} that results in a detectable cutaneous reaction within {{c2…
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10/21/2024
An example of CD4+ T cell-mediated inflammatory reaction produced by intracutaneous injection of purified protein derivative (PPD, also called tubercu…
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10/21/2024
When does central tolerance to self antigen happen?
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Peripheral tolerance is maintained by functional activation or clonal energy, true or false?
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10/21/2024
All self antigens are represented in the thymic environment, true or false?
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Infections that upregulate the expression of costimulators on APCs may result in what?
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10/21/2024
Phenomenon wherein immune responses against the microbial antigens may result in the activation of self-reactive lymphocytes
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10/21/2024
SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE)An autoimmune disease involving multiple organsCharacterized by vast array of {{c1::antibodies}}Particularly {{c1::a…
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SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE)Does SLE predominantly affect Males or Females?
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SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS (SLE)What is the hallmark of SLE?
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SLEMost of the systemic lesions are caused by immune complexes (Type III) hypersensitivity{{c1::Anti-DNA}} complexes can be detected in the glomeruli …
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10/21/2024
In Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) diagnosis relies on a constellation of {{c1::clinical}}, {{c2::serologic}}, and {{c3:morphologic}} changes.
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10/21/2024
Who is more susceptible in developing Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?Young MenOld MenYoung WomenOld Women
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What is the distinguishable clinical feature of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in the skin?Atopic DermatitisButterfly Rash and Skin PatchesChronic…
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10/21/2024
What are the characteristic symptoms of chronic disease related to the eyes?
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10/21/2024
What is xerostomia?
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10/21/2024
What causes dry eyes and dry mouth in this chronic disease?
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PATHOGENESIS OF SJÖGREN SYNDROME Lymphocytic infiltration and fibrosis of the {{c1::lacrimal}} and {{c1::salivary}} glandsThe infiltrate contains pred…
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10/21/2024
Sjogren syndrome commonly occurs in male or female?
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What age range is Sjogren syndrome common?30-4040-5050-6060-70
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Bilateral ocular vision, burning, and itching are symptoms of what disease?
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True of Xerostomia except:Dysphagia in solid foodsDecreased ability to tasteCracks and fissure in the mouthDryness of buccal muscle
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10/21/2024
Parotid gland enlargement is present in all patients with Sjogren syndrome. True of false?
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Progressive interstitial and perivascular fibrosis in the skin and multiple organs
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SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS (SCLERODERMA)What are the 2 major categories of scleroderma?
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SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS (SCLERODERMA)Major category of scleroderma that is characterized by:Widespread skin involvement at onsetWith rapid progression and …
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SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS (SCLERODERMA){{c1::Limited}} SclerodermaSkin involvement is often confined to {{c2::fingers, forearms, and face}}Visceral involveme…
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10/21/2024
Organs with prominent changes in systemic sclerosis
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Process in which T lymphocytes and antibodies react against and destroy tissue grafts.AllograftsXenograftsIsograftRejection
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Grafts exchanged between individuals of the same species.AllograftsXenograftsIsograftRejection
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Grafts from different species. AllograftsXenograftsIsograftRejection
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Graft rejection is caused by {{c1::T cells}} and antibodies activated by {{c2::alloantigens}} in the graft.
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Graft rejection typically occurs within {{c1::days or weeks}} after transplantation.
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Graft rejection is the principal cause of {{c1::early graft failure}}.
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This rejection occurs when graft is damaged either through:CD8+ CTLs directly destroying graft cells, orCD4+ cells secreting cytokines and inducing in…
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10/21/2024
Acute antibody-mediated rejection can be:VascularHumoralBothNot both
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10/21/2024
Acute antibody-mediated rejection is characterized by?
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