Notes in 01IntroToPharma

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Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Medical Pharmacology}} is the area of pharmacology concerned with the use of chemicals in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Toxicology}} is the area of pharmacology concerned with the undesirable effects of chemicals on biologic systems
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pharmacogenomics}} is the area of pharmacology concerned with the relation of an individual's genetic makeup to their response to specific drugs…
Published	07/30/2024	An {{c1::agonist}} drug promotes the effect of a specific pharmacological process
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Hormones}} are substances synthesized {{c2::inside::inside/outside}} the body by endocrine glands
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Xenobiotics}} are substances synthesized {{c2::outside::inside/outside}} the body
Published	07/30/2024	A drug molecule requires the appropriate {{c1::size, electrical charge, shape, atomic composition::4 factors}} to produce a specific effect
Published	07/30/2024	The most common elimination site of drugs is through {{c1::the kidneys::what organ}}
Published	07/30/2024	Anesthetic Agents are usually administered in a {{c1::gaseous::solid/liquid/gaseous}} form
Published	07/30/2024	Majority of drugs have a molecular weight value between {{c1::100 MW}} and {{c1::1000 MW}}
Published	07/30/2024	What are the three drug-receptor linkages in order of weakest to strongest?{{c1::Hydrophobic, Electrostatic, Covalent}}
Published	07/30/2024	Drugs having {{c1::covalent::covalent/electrostatic/hydrophobic}} linkages last the longest
Published	07/30/2024	Drugs having {{c1::hydrophobic::covalent/electrostatic/hydrophobic}} linkages last the shortest
Published	07/30/2024	Drugs involving {{c1::weaker::stronger/weaker}} bonds are usually ideal for highly selective short-acting drugs of a particular receptor
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pharmacodynamics}} is a field of pharmacology concerned with the actions/effects of the drug on the body.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pharmacokinetics}} is a field of pharmacology concerned with the actions/effects of the body on the drug.
Published	07/30/2024	Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) is a {{c1::covalent::(bonding classification)}} drug that strongly binds to {{c1::cyclooxygenase::(recep…
Published	07/30/2024	Hydrophobic drugs are usually {{c1::highly::non/highly}} selective
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::(S, -)::(R, +)/(S, -)}} isomer of Carvedilol is a/an {{c2::more::more/less/equally}} potent beta-receptor blocker compar…
Published	07/30/2024	The (R) isomer of Carvedilol is a/an {{c2::equally::more/less/equally}} potent alpha-receptor blocker compared to its other enanti…
Published	07/30/2024	A drug having both enantiomeric isomer configurations in a single drug is referred to as a {{c1::racemic mixture::(mixture)}}
Published	07/30/2024	Illustrate the first model of pharmacodynamics{{c1::D + R-E → D-R-E Complex → Effect}}
Published	07/30/2024	Illustrate the second model of pharmacodynamics{{c1::D + R → D-R Complex → Effector Molecule → Effect}}
Published	07/30/2024	Illustrate the third model of pharmacodynamics{{c1::D + R → D-R Complex → Activation of coupling molecule → Effector Molecule → Effect}}
Published	07/30/2024	Illustrate the fourth model of pharmacodynamics{{c1::Inhibition of metabolism of endogenous activator (enzymes) → Increased activator action on e…
Published	07/30/2024	The ADME of Pharmacokinetics are:{{c1::AbsorptionDistributionMetabolismElimination}}
Published	07/30/2024	A partial agonist drug will act as an {{c1::antagonist::agonist/antagonist}} when taken together with a full agonist drug.
Published	07/30/2024	A partial agonist drug will act as an {{c1::agonist::agonist/antagonist}} when taken alone.
Published	07/30/2024	A/an {{c1::full::inverse/full}} agonist drug has a stronger affinity for {{c2::Ra::Ra/Ri}} receptor pools.
Published	07/30/2024	A/an {{c1::inverse::inverse/full}} agonist drug has a stronger affinity for {{c2::Ri::Ra/Ri}} receptor pools.
Published	07/30/2024	A/an {{c1::inverse::inverse/full}} agonist drug, when taken, results in effects that are opposite of conventional agonists
Published	07/30/2024	The effect of a partial agonist {{c1::cannot::can/cannot}} increase comparatively to a full agonist by increasing its dosage
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Full::Full/Partial/Inverse}} agonist produces the {{c2::maximum}} response.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Partial::Full/Partial/Inverse}} agonist produces a {{c2::submaximal}} response
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Inverse::Full/Partial/Inverse}} agonist produces the {{c2::opposite}} response.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Antagonists}} bind to a receptor, compete with, and prevent binding of other molecules.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Neutral antagonism::What type of antagonism}} occurs when an antagonist at the receptor site blocks the access of agonists to the receptor …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Allosteric modulators}} bind to the {{c2::different::same/different}} sites as agonists on a receptor molecule
Published	07/30/2024	Allosteric activator {{c1::increases::increases/decreases}} the response to the agonist.
Published	07/30/2024	Does the dissociation of drug from the receptor always instantly terminate the effect?{{c1::N::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Permeation}} is the movement of drugs into and within the biological environment.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::pKa}} is the pH at which {{c2::50}}% of a substance is ionized.
Published	07/30/2024	If pH > pKa, and the drug is a weak acid,the drug will exist in its {{c1::ionized::ionized/unionized}} form, leading to its {{c1::excretion::absorp…
Published	07/30/2024	If pH > pKa, and the drug is a weak base,the drug will exist in its {{c1::unionized::ionized/unionized}} form, leading to its {{c1::absorption::abs…
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::charged::charged/uncharged}} molecule has greater {{c2::water::water/lipid}} solubility, leading to its {{c3::excretion::excretion/absorption}…
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::uncharged::charged/uncharged}} molecule has greater {{c2::lipid::water/lipid}} solubility, leading to its {{c3::absorption::excretion/absorpti…
Published	07/30/2024	To accelerate excretion, weak acid drugs need {{c1::alkaline}} pH.
Published	07/30/2024	To accelerate excretion, weak basic drugs need {{c1::acidic}} pH.
Published	07/30/2024	To accelerate absorption, weak acid drugs need {{c1::acidic}} pH.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Quaternary}} amines are amines that CANNOT alter their solubility due to the unpaired electrons.
Published	07/30/2024	According to Fick's Law of Diffusion, {{c1::greater::smaller/greater}} concentration difference, {{c1::larger::smaller/larger}} surface area, {{c1::hi…
Published	07/30/2024	Very large and very lipid-insoluble chemicals like vitamin {{c2::B12 (w/ IF)}} and {{c2::iron (w/ transferrin)::mineral}} enter the cell via {{c1::end…
Published	07/30/2024	Neurotransmitters mainly use this type of transport mechanism.{{c1::Exocytosis}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Lead compound}} is the leading candidate for a successful new drug.
Published	07/30/2024	In vitro studiesAnimal testingClinical testingMarketing
Published	07/30/2024	Animal/Preclinical testing tests for {{c1::efficacy, selectivity, and mechanism::3 answers}}.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::No-effect-dose}} is the maximum dose where no toxic effect is seen.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Minimum Lethal Dose}} is the smallest dose that's observed to kill any experimental animal.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Median Lethal Dose (LD50)}} is the dose that kills ~50% of the animals in a test group.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Acute Toxicity::Safety Test}} determines the toxic effects of a drug within a few days of its administration.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Acute Toxicity}} tests involve {{c1::2::n}} species and {{c1::2::n}} routes of administration
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Subacute/Subchronic Toxicity::Safety Test}} involves {{c2::2 weeks-3 months::how much time}} of testing to determine a drug's biochemical and ph…
Published	07/30/2024	Subacute/Subchronic Toxicity tests involve {{c1::3::how many}} doses and {{c1::2::how many}} species.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Chronic Toxicity::Safety Test}} involve {{c2::>6}} months of testing to determine a drugs biochemical and physiological effects, required for…
Published	07/30/2024	Chronic Toxicity tests involve 1 {{c1::rodent::what type of}} species and at least 1 {{c1::nonrodent::what type of}} species.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::False::True or False}}All drug safety and toxicity tests are done prior to clinical trials.
Published	07/30/2024	Safety tests regarding a drug's effect on {{c1::Reproductive Performance (teratogenicity)}} determines its impact on animal mating behavior, reproduct…
Published	07/30/2024	Safety tests determining a drug's Effect on Reproductive Performance involve 2 species: ({{c1::rodent}} and {{c1::rabbit}})
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Carcinogenic Potential::Safety Test}} determines if the drug can induce cancer, and is required for drugs to be used for long periods.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mutagenic Potential::Safety Test}} tests for genetic stability and mutation on bacteria (Ames test) and mammalian cells in culture.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Teratogenicity}} is the induction of developmental defects in somatic tissues of the fetus.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Mutagenicity}} is the induction of changes in genetic material of animals, inducing heritable abnormalities.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Carcinogenicity}} is the induction of malignant characteristics in cells.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Crossover Design}} in clinical trials has alternating periods of administration of the test drug, placebo preparation and the standard treatment…
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::Placebo}} or the {{c1::control}} drug is a drug with no pharmaceutical effect
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Variable Natural History of Most Diseases::Confounding Factor in Clinical Trials}} is solved by evaluating a large population of subjects ov…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Presence of Other Diseases and Risk Factors::Confounding Factor in Clinical Trials}} is avoided by using the crossover technique, and proper…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Subject Bias::Confounding Factor in Clinical Trials}} can be quantitated and minimized by the {{c2::Single-Blind}} design
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Subject and Observer Bias::Confounding Factors in Clinical Trials}} can be quantitated and minimized by the {{c2::Double-Blind}} design
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Single-Blind design::Research design}} involves use of a placebo administered to the same subjects in a crossover design or to a control group o…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Food and Drug Administration (FDA)}} is the administrative body that oversees drug evaluation in the Philippines and grants approval for marketi…
Published	07/30/2024	Clinical trials often require {{c1::4-6::(range)}} years of clinical testing.
Published	07/30/2024	When a new drug is ready to be studied in humans, a Noticeof Claimed {{c1::Investigational Exemption for a New Drug/Investigational New Drug (IND)}} s…
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::Institutional Review Board (IRB)}} must review and approve the scientific and ethical plans of a clinical trial
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Orphan drugs}} are drugs for rare diseases which are usually difficult to research, develop and market, and so wouldn't be developed if not for …
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)}} are harmful, unintended responses to a drug.
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Phase 1::Phase of Drug Development}} involves the careful evaluation of the dose-response relationship in a small number ({{c2::20-100::ran…
Published	07/30/2024	Phase 1 of drug development determines the {{c1::Maximum Tolerated Dose}} to prevent severe toxicity, and to determine the limits of safe clinical dos…
Published	07/30/2024	In Phase 1, the drug is administered to patients with the target disease when the trials are for {{c1::chemotherapeutic}} or {{c1::highly toxic}}…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Phase 2::Phase of Drug Development}} is where the drug is studied in patients (100-200) {{c2::with::with/without}} the target disease to determi…
Published	07/30/2024	Phase {{c1::2}} of drug development has the highest rate of drug failures
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Phase 3::Phase of Drug Development}} involves a {{c2::placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover trial::research design}} involving many patient…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c2::Phase 4 (Post-Marketing Surveillance)::Phase of Drug Development}} involves monitoring the safety of a new drug under actual conditions of use i…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::True::True or False}}Phase 4 of drug development can only begin when there's approval to market a drug
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::False::True or False}}Each phase of drug development is tightly regulated by the FDA
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::Trademark}} is a drug's proprietary name that's usually registered, and is legally protected as long as it's used
Published	07/30/2024	A patent lasts for {{c1::20}} years, where within that time frame the company has exclusive rights for marketing the drug
Published	07/30/2024	A {{c1::Generic Drug}} is a drug with no brand or trademark
Published	07/30/2024	Aspirin is more easily absorbed in the {{c1::stomach::stomach/small intestines}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Pharmacology}} is the study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Poison}} is the general term that refers to substances with harmful effects
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Toxin}} is a poison of biologic origin, such as botulinum toxin and tetanus toxin
Published	07/30/2024	Some drugs display stereoisomerism (chirality) and exist in {{c1::enantiomeric}} pairs
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::In vitro}} studies are the process of testing drug candidates to define the {{c2::pharmacologic profile}} of the drug and determine the {{c…
Published	07/30/2024	Heparin is administered preferably {{c1::subcutaneous::subcutaneous/intramuscular}}
Published	07/30/2024	In drug size, the Lower Limit is {{c1::100}}MW, and is important in the {{c2::specificity}} of a drug.
Published	07/30/2024	In drug size, the Upper Limit is {{c1::1000}}MW, and is important in the {{c2::diffusability}} of a drug.
Published	07/30/2024	Phenoxybenzamine (antihypertensive agent) forms {{c1::covalent::covalent/electrostatic/hydrophobic}} bonds with alpha receptors
Published	07/30/2024	DNA-alkylating agents form {{c1::covalent::covalent/electrostatic/hydrophobic}} bonds with their substrates/receptors
Published	07/30/2024	Drugs that have {{c1::electrostatic::covalent/electrostatic/hydrophobic}} bonds have linkages that are very weak induced dipole interactions (van der …
Published	07/30/2024	The {{c1::(+)::(+)/(-)}} enantiomer of Ketamine is more potent and has less toxic effects
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Lipid diffusion}} is the most important limiting factor for drug permeation
Published	07/30/2024	Are drugs transported by special carriers governed by fick's law?{{c1::N::Y/N}}
Published	07/30/2024	To accelerate absorption, weak basic drugs need {{c1::alkaline}} pH.
Published	07/30/2024	The effect of an antagonist drug {{c1::can::can/cannot}} be overcome by increasing the dosage of agonists
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