Notes in 23Hema1

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Status	Last Update	Fields
Published	07/30/2024	Lifespan of RBCs (days)
Published	07/30/2024	Missing organelles in RBCs
Published	07/30/2024	Hemoglobin content in RBCS
Published	07/30/2024	How much O2 does each gram of hemoglobin have?
Published	07/30/2024	aside from hemoglobin, RBCs also carry large quantities of? (Makes it possible for H2O in blood to transport CO2 in form of HCO3- from tissues to lung…
Published	07/30/2024	What substance involves RBCs in acid base reactions
Published	07/30/2024	Where are RBCs produced? (Early weeks of embryonic life)
Published	07/30/2024	Where are RBCs produced? (Middle trimester of gestation)
Published	07/30/2024	Where are RBCs produced? (Last month of gestation and after birth)
Published	07/30/2024	Bone marrow of essentially all bones produces RBCs until how many years old?
Published	07/30/2024	Bone marrow of long bones, except proximal portions of humeri and tibiae, becomes fatty and produces no more RBCs after age {{c1::20}} years old
Published	07/30/2024	Beyond {{c1::20}} years old, most RBCs continue to be produced in marrow of {{c2::membranous bones (eg. vertebrae, sternum, ribs, ilia)}}
Published	07/30/2024	a single cell type from which all blood cells are derived
Published	07/30/2024	What are the two paths a Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell (PHSC) can take
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Erythrocytes}} come from {{c2::CFU-E}}{{c1::granulocytes and monocytes}} come from {{c2::CFU-GM}}{{c1::Paltelets come from Megakaryocytes which}…
Published	07/30/2024	What are the stages of RBC differentiation
Published	07/30/2024	First cells belonging to RBC series [Identify Stage of RBC differentiation]
Published	07/30/2024	First-generation cells, stain with basic dyes; the cell has very little hemoglobin [Identify Stage of RBC differentiation]
Published	07/30/2024	Succeeding generations, cells become filled with hemoglobin to concentration of about 34 percent, nucleus condenses to a small size, final remnant is …
Published	07/30/2024	Still contains a small amount of basophilic material, consisting of remnants of Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and other cytoplasmic organelles. [Iden…
Published	07/30/2024	The cells pass from the bone marrow into the blood capillaries by diapedesis. Have short lifespan. <1% of total peripheral RBCs. [Identify Stage of…
Published	07/30/2024	cells pass from the bone marrow into the blood capillaries by?
Published	07/30/2024	What is the most essential regulator of RBC production
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::90}}% of EPO formed in {{c2::kidneys}}, remainder is formed in {{c2::liver}}
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. Renal Tissue Hypoxia 2. hypoxia-inducible factor–1 (HIF-1)
Published	07/30/2024	serves as transcription factor for EPO gene -> EPO synthesis
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)}} and {{c1::Folic Acid}} are required for formation of {{c2::thymidine triphosphate}}, one of the essential buildin…
Published	07/30/2024	Vit B12 or folate deficiency causes {{c1::maturation and cell division failure}} or {{c1::abnormal and diminished DNA}} in the process of erythro…
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Size 1. Healthy RBCs 2. RBCs that lacked VitB12 and Folic Acid
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Lifespan 1. Healthy RBCs 2. RBCs that lacked VitB12 and Folic Acid
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Intrinsic factor (IF)}} produced by {{c2::parietal cells}} is absolutely required for {{c3::Vit B12}} absorption in the {{c4::ileum}}
Published	07/30/2024	What does IF do to help reabsorb Vit B12 (2)
Published	07/30/2024	[VR] 1. atrophic gastric mucosa 2. IF secretion by parietal cells
Published	07/30/2024	Examples of food high in Folic Acid
Published	07/30/2024	small intestinal disease where there is difficulty absorbing folic acid and vitamin B12
Published	07/30/2024	Hemoglobin SynthesisStep 1: {{c1::2 Succinyl-CoA}} + {{c1::2 Glycine}} = {{c2::Pyrrole}}Step 2: {{c1::4 Pyrrole}} = {{c2::Protoporphyrin IX}}Step 3:&n…
Published	07/30/2024	The most common form of hemoglobin in adult humans, hemoglobin {{c1::A}}, is a combination of two {{c2::alpha}} chains and two {{c2::beta}} chains.
Published	07/30/2024	Type of hemoglobin in Fetuses
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Affinity for oxygen 1. HbF 2. HbA
Published	07/30/2024	When does HbA replace HbF
Published	07/30/2024	Number of Fe atoms in hemoglobin
Published	07/30/2024	Number of O2 molecules that can bind to hemoglobin
Published	07/30/2024	Number of oxygen atoms that can bind to hemoglobin
Published	07/30/2024	Where does oxygen combineA. 2 positive bonds of iron in hemoglobinB. loosely with one of the coordination bonds of the iron atom
Published	07/30/2024	Hemoglobin combines {{c1::reversibly::reversibly/irreversibly}} with molecular oxygen (not ionic oxygen)
Published	07/30/2024	Iron absorbed from small intestine combines in blood plasma with {{c1::apotransferrin}} to form {{c2::transferrin}} (blood transport protein of iron)
Published	07/30/2024	[QC] Storage of excess iron in blood 1. Liver hepatocytes 2. Reticulo-endothelial cells of bone marrow
Published	07/30/2024	In cytoplasm of hepatocytes, iron combines with {{c1::apoferritin}}, to form {{c2::ferritin}} (storage form of iron)
Published	07/30/2024	Smaller quantities of iron in storage pool are in extremely insoluble form called {{c1::hemosiderin}}
Published	07/30/2024	Transferrin binds strongly with receptors in cell membranes of {{c1::erythroblasts in the bone marrow}} then it is taken in by {{c2::endocytosis}}
Published	07/30/2024	Transferrin delivers iron directly to the {{c1::mitochondria}} of erythrocytes, where heme is synthesized
Published	07/30/2024	In people who lack iron or transferrin in blood, failure to transport iron to erythroblasts can cause {{c1::hypochromic anemia}}
Published	07/30/2024	Cytoplasmic enzymes in RBCs keep Fe in hemoglobin in what state?
Published	07/30/2024	What metabolizes glucose to form small amounts of ATP in RBCs
Published	07/30/2024	What maintains pliability of cell membrane in RBCs
Published	07/30/2024	What prevents oxidation of proteins in RBCs
Published	07/30/2024	Many RBCs self-destruct in the {{c1::spleen}}
Published	07/30/2024	RBCs burst and release hemoglobin which is phagocytized by {{c1::macrophages}}
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Macrophages}} release iron from hemoglobin and pass it back into blood carried by transferrin either to {{c2::bone marrow}} for production of ne…
Published	07/30/2024	{{c1::Porphyrin}} portion of hemoglobin is converted by macrophages into {{c2::bilirubin}}, which is released into blood and later removed by secretio…
Published	07/30/2024	too few RBCs or too little hemoglobin in the RBCs
Published	07/30/2024	Bone marrow failure [Type of anemia]
Published	07/30/2024	folate or Vit B12 deficiency [Type of anemia]
Published	07/30/2024	intrinsic factor deficiency due to gastric atrophy [Type of anemia]
Published	07/30/2024	premature RBC destruction [Type of anemia]
Status	Last Update	Fields